substance use
low to moderate use experiences that do not produce problems with social, educational, or occupational functioning
operant conditioning
drug-induced euphoria produces positive physical feelings
negative feelings when the positive feelings of the drugs go away
alcohol use symptoms
slowing of CNS, impairing motor coordination, decreasing reaction times, sad mood, impaired memory, poor judgment, and visual and auditory disturbances
alcohol use epidemiology
2nd most commonly used psychoactive substance, more common in males and whites
wernicke-korasakoff syndrome
confusion, amnesia, and confabulation (make up stuff for no reason and actually believe it happened)
due to deficiencies in thiamine secondary to alcohol dependence
delirium tremens
withdrawal symptom characterized by disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever
formication
the sensation of having ants or bugs crawling all over the body
nicotine neurotransmitter effects
releases dopamine
stimulants
cocaine and amphetamines
stimulant neurotransmitter effects
releases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
sedatives
barbiturates and benzodiazephines
sedative neurotransmitter effects
action of the GABA-ergic system
caffeine neurotransmitter effects
adenosine and serotonin
opioids
heroin, morphine, and codeine
mimic endorphins/ enkephalins
opiods neurotransmitter effects
endorphins and enkephalins
hallucinogens
psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD
hallucinogen neurotransmitter effects
serotonin
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
perceptual distortions long after all traces of the drug have left the system resulting from stress or fatigue
cannabinoids
marijuana
cannabinoid neurotransmitter effects
release of dopamine
cannabinoid medical uses
relief from nausea and appetite loss, reduction of pressure within the eye, reduction of muscle spasms, relief from some forms of chronic pain
inhalants
cleaning fluid, gasoline, pain, and glue
inhalant brain effects
shrinkage of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem leading to impaired motor and cognitive abilities
inhalants effects on neurons
damage myelin leading to muscle spasms and tremors
animal models
researchers are able to determine how reinforcing the drug is
conditioned place preference
the amount of time the animal spends in the drug environment helps establish its positive effects
brain areas involved in reward
ventral tegmental area and the basal forebrain
aversive conditioning
repeatedly pairs drug or alcohol use with an aversive stimulus or images
CBT
developing skills to control addiction
12 step programs
emphasizes an unmanageable life, an inability to control addiction, and participants belief that only a higher power can cure them of their addiction
spiritual in nature
motivational enhancement therapy
produce rapid internally motivated change and mobilize the patient's own resource for change
stimulus avoidance
avoid stimuli that are related to past drug use
relapse prevention
a treatment approach that uses functional analysis to identify the antecedents and consequences of drug use and then develops alternative cognitive and behavioral skills to reduce the risk of future drug use
arrested development
normal developmental experiences and growth opportunities may be missed due to excessive substance use
tolerance
requiring an increased dose of a substance to achieve the desired effect or having a markedly reduced effect when consuming the usual dose
metabolic tolerance
body becomes adapted to the drug
pharmacodynamic tolerance
changes in receptor binding
behavioral conditioning tolerance
resistance to the drugs behavioral effects
ex: your body prepares itself for alcohol when you go inside a frat house because it's conditioned to do so.
withdrawal
concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged and heavy use of a substance
abstinence violation effect
focuses on a person's cognitive and affective responses to engaging in a prohibited behavior
ex: if someone feels really guilty after having a drink, they're more likely to not relapse
agonist substitution
substitutes a chemically similar safe medication for the drug of abuse (methadone)
naltrexone
reduces the risk of relapse to drink heavily and the frequency of drinking when compared with placebo but does not enhance abstinence
antagonist
methadone
removes the risk associated with obtaining and injecting heroin
synthetic drug
most widely known agonist substitute
cross-tolerant relationship
their tolerance to one drug translates to tolerance of the other
cross tolerance between alcohol and benzodiazepines
differences in dependence between men and women
women become dependent more quickly
comorbidity of substance disorders
antisocial personality disorder, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders
abuse in the elderly
tolerance is reduced and withdrawal is more severe
detoxification
medically supervised drug withdrawal
antabuse
pair ingestion of the substance with a noxious physical reaction
caffeine
CNS stimulant that boosts energy, mood, awareness, concentration, and wakefulness
Nicotine
highly addictive. stimulant & sedative
Alcohol
the active ingredient in any alcoholic drink is ethyl alcohol, which is quickly absorbed by the stomach and small intestines into the bloodstream
depressant
GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
inhibitory neurotransmitter
active in alcohol use
Alcohol cirrhosis
liver disease that occurs in about 10-15% of people with alcohlism
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
a syndrome in babies that occurs when pregnant mothers drink alcohol and it passes through the placenta and harms the developing fetus
Marijuana
a drug derived from Cannabis sativa plant that produces mild intoxication
Tetrahydrocannabinol
active ingredient in marijuana (THC)
Amphetamines
stimulant drugs that prolong wakefulness and suppress appetite
Ecstasy
pill form of meththylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
"club" drug and a frequent trigger for emergency room visits
mimics serotonin
Crystal methamphetamine
a form of methamphetermine that produces longer lasting and more intense physiological reactions than the powdered form
mimics dopamine
Cocaine
stimulant that comes from the leaves of the coca plant, indigenous to South America
dopamine trapped in synaptic cleft
activates sympathetic nervous system
Sedative drugs
barbiturates and benzodiazepines, CNS depressants and cause sedation and decrease anxiety
What other drug acts on the GABA system in a manner similar to alcohol?
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
sedatives that can be used responsibly and effectively for the short-term but still have addictive properties
Common barbiturates
Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, and Seconbarbital
anything with "barbital" in the name
Common benzodiazepines
Valium, Xanex, and Halcion
Most common users of sedatives
59% women, white, and more common in people with higher levels of education
LSD
synthetic hallucinogen
Psilocybin
magic mushrooms
Mescaline
product of peyote cactus
hallucinogen
Drug-compensatory conditioned responses
bodily changes in presence of conditioned stimuli
Transtheoretical Model
five-stage sequential model of behavior change
Contingency management approach
a treatment approach in which rewards are provided for treatment compliance
Aversion therapy
a treatment approach in which drug or alcohol use is paired repeatedly with an aversive stimulus or images
Nicotine replacement therapy
a safe and effective therapy used as part of comprehensive smoking cessation program
Vaccines
immunopharmacotherapy is vaccination against drug use
Barbiturates pose a death risk because of rapid tolerance and risk of overdose. This is the result of
depression of the brain's respiratory center.
Withdrawal generally produces the most unpleasant reactions when _______ are involved.
caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamines
Despite affecting many neurotransmitters, alcohol has a particularly powerful effect on the neurotransmitter
GABA
Endorphins and enkephalins have the same physiological effect on the body as opioids in that they produce
pain relief and sedation
Alcohol use may result in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is characterized by the inability to learn from experience and
custodial care in some cases
An alcohol withdrawal syndrome with symptoms including disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever which can last to up to 3-4 days after drinking is known as
delirium tremens
Nerve damage leading to neurological impairment is a function of chronic exposure to inhalant drugs. How might inhalants affect this system?
they damage the myelin
Delivery method of opioid?
snorting, smoking, injecting
How do cocaine and amphetamines lead to hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia?
They increase dopamine and norepinephrine.
A prime factor in nicotine's highly addictive potential is
its direct influence on the brain's pleasure and motivation centers
When injected, methamphetamine increase the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and ______________ in the brain.
dopamine
People with substance use disorders often exhibit other forms of mental disorders, primarily
antisocial, mood, and anxiety disorders
Controlled drinking approaches may be especially suited to individuals with
less severe drinking problems
Heroin is a highly dangerous drug due to its addictive properties, its pharmacologic effects, and its
drug trafficking
nystagmus
trouble following objects w/ your eyes
temporal disintegration
loss of ability to remember and coordinate information, caused by marijuana usage
alcohol + barbiturate?
very depressed nervous system & can lead to death
Who is more likely to abuse a legal, over the counter drug?
An older (80 year old) man rather than a younger man or a woman
Many theorists propose that substance abuse may be due to
operant conditioning
As in aversion therapy, aversive pharmacological interventions pair ingestion of the substance with a noxious physical reaction. The best known substance used in this manner is
disulfiram (antabuse)
Most people who are treated for amphetamine abuse
also report high use of alcohol
The DSM does not include symptoms of withdrawal for the following two categories of substances
hallucinogens and inhalants
In motivational enhancement therapy (MET), as opposed to more traditional substance abuse treatment
the focus may emphasize patients' strengths and adheres to the patients' timetable
SORC model
S = stimulus or "antecedent" factors which occur before target behavior
O = organismic variables relevant to target behavior
R = the response = the target behavior
C = consequences of target behavior