Abnormal Study Guide Ch. 9 less terms

substance use

low to moderate use experiences that do not produce problems with social, educational, or occupational functioning

operant conditioning

drug-induced euphoria produces positive physical feelings
negative feelings when the positive feelings of the drugs go away

alcohol use symptoms

slowing of CNS, impairing motor coordination, decreasing reaction times, sad mood, impaired memory, poor judgment, and visual and auditory disturbances

alcohol use epidemiology

2nd most commonly used psychoactive substance, more common in males and whites

wernicke-korasakoff syndrome

confusion, amnesia, and confabulation (make up stuff for no reason and actually believe it happened)
due to deficiencies in thiamine secondary to alcohol dependence

delirium tremens

withdrawal symptom characterized by disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever

formication

the sensation of having ants or bugs crawling all over the body

nicotine neurotransmitter effects

releases dopamine

stimulants

cocaine and amphetamines

stimulant neurotransmitter effects

releases dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

sedatives

barbiturates and benzodiazephines

sedative neurotransmitter effects

action of the GABA-ergic system

caffeine neurotransmitter effects

adenosine and serotonin

opioids

heroin, morphine, and codeine
mimic endorphins/ enkephalins

opiods neurotransmitter effects

endorphins and enkephalins

hallucinogens

psilocybin, mescaline, and LSD

hallucinogen neurotransmitter effects

serotonin

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

perceptual distortions long after all traces of the drug have left the system resulting from stress or fatigue

cannabinoids

marijuana

cannabinoid neurotransmitter effects

release of dopamine

cannabinoid medical uses

relief from nausea and appetite loss, reduction of pressure within the eye, reduction of muscle spasms, relief from some forms of chronic pain

inhalants

cleaning fluid, gasoline, pain, and glue

inhalant brain effects

shrinkage of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem leading to impaired motor and cognitive abilities

inhalants effects on neurons

damage myelin leading to muscle spasms and tremors

animal models

researchers are able to determine how reinforcing the drug is

conditioned place preference

the amount of time the animal spends in the drug environment helps establish its positive effects

brain areas involved in reward

ventral tegmental area and the basal forebrain

aversive conditioning

repeatedly pairs drug or alcohol use with an aversive stimulus or images

CBT

developing skills to control addiction

12 step programs

emphasizes an unmanageable life, an inability to control addiction, and participants belief that only a higher power can cure them of their addiction
spiritual in nature

motivational enhancement therapy

produce rapid internally motivated change and mobilize the patient's own resource for change

stimulus avoidance

avoid stimuli that are related to past drug use

relapse prevention

a treatment approach that uses functional analysis to identify the antecedents and consequences of drug use and then develops alternative cognitive and behavioral skills to reduce the risk of future drug use

arrested development

normal developmental experiences and growth opportunities may be missed due to excessive substance use

tolerance

requiring an increased dose of a substance to achieve the desired effect or having a markedly reduced effect when consuming the usual dose

metabolic tolerance

body becomes adapted to the drug

pharmacodynamic tolerance

changes in receptor binding

behavioral conditioning tolerance

resistance to the drugs behavioral effects
ex: your body prepares itself for alcohol when you go inside a frat house because it's conditioned to do so.

withdrawal

concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged and heavy use of a substance

abstinence violation effect

focuses on a person's cognitive and affective responses to engaging in a prohibited behavior
ex: if someone feels really guilty after having a drink, they're more likely to not relapse

agonist substitution

substitutes a chemically similar safe medication for the drug of abuse (methadone)

naltrexone

reduces the risk of relapse to drink heavily and the frequency of drinking when compared with placebo but does not enhance abstinence
antagonist

methadone

removes the risk associated with obtaining and injecting heroin
synthetic drug
most widely known agonist substitute

cross-tolerant relationship

their tolerance to one drug translates to tolerance of the other
cross tolerance between alcohol and benzodiazepines

differences in dependence between men and women

women become dependent more quickly

comorbidity of substance disorders

antisocial personality disorder, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders

abuse in the elderly

tolerance is reduced and withdrawal is more severe

detoxification

medically supervised drug withdrawal

antabuse

pair ingestion of the substance with a noxious physical reaction

caffeine

CNS stimulant that boosts energy, mood, awareness, concentration, and wakefulness

Nicotine

highly addictive. stimulant & sedative

Alcohol

the active ingredient in any alcoholic drink is ethyl alcohol, which is quickly absorbed by the stomach and small intestines into the bloodstream
depressant

GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

inhibitory neurotransmitter
active in alcohol use

Alcohol cirrhosis

liver disease that occurs in about 10-15% of people with alcohlism

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

a syndrome in babies that occurs when pregnant mothers drink alcohol and it passes through the placenta and harms the developing fetus

Marijuana

a drug derived from Cannabis sativa plant that produces mild intoxication

Tetrahydrocannabinol

active ingredient in marijuana (THC)

Amphetamines

stimulant drugs that prolong wakefulness and suppress appetite

Ecstasy

pill form of meththylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
"club" drug and a frequent trigger for emergency room visits
mimics serotonin

Crystal methamphetamine

a form of methamphetermine that produces longer lasting and more intense physiological reactions than the powdered form
mimics dopamine

Cocaine

stimulant that comes from the leaves of the coca plant, indigenous to South America
dopamine trapped in synaptic cleft
activates sympathetic nervous system

Sedative drugs

barbiturates and benzodiazepines, CNS depressants and cause sedation and decrease anxiety

What other drug acts on the GABA system in a manner similar to alcohol?

Barbiturates

Benzodiazepines

sedatives that can be used responsibly and effectively for the short-term but still have addictive properties

Common barbiturates

Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, and Seconbarbital
anything with "barbital" in the name

Common benzodiazepines

Valium, Xanex, and Halcion

Most common users of sedatives

59% women, white, and more common in people with higher levels of education

LSD

synthetic hallucinogen

Psilocybin

magic mushrooms

Mescaline

product of peyote cactus
hallucinogen

Drug-compensatory conditioned responses

bodily changes in presence of conditioned stimuli

Transtheoretical Model

five-stage sequential model of behavior change

Contingency management approach

a treatment approach in which rewards are provided for treatment compliance

Aversion therapy

a treatment approach in which drug or alcohol use is paired repeatedly with an aversive stimulus or images

Nicotine replacement therapy

a safe and effective therapy used as part of comprehensive smoking cessation program

Vaccines

immunopharmacotherapy is vaccination against drug use

Barbiturates pose a death risk because of rapid tolerance and risk of overdose. This is the result of

depression of the brain's respiratory center.

Withdrawal generally produces the most unpleasant reactions when _______ are involved.

caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamines

Despite affecting many neurotransmitters, alcohol has a particularly powerful effect on the neurotransmitter

GABA

Endorphins and enkephalins have the same physiological effect on the body as opioids in that they produce

pain relief and sedation

Alcohol use may result in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is characterized by the inability to learn from experience and

custodial care in some cases

An alcohol withdrawal syndrome with symptoms including disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever which can last to up to 3-4 days after drinking is known as

delirium tremens

Nerve damage leading to neurological impairment is a function of chronic exposure to inhalant drugs. How might inhalants affect this system?

they damage the myelin

Delivery method of opioid?

snorting, smoking, injecting

How do cocaine and amphetamines lead to hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia?

They increase dopamine and norepinephrine.

A prime factor in nicotine's highly addictive potential is

its direct influence on the brain's pleasure and motivation centers

When injected, methamphetamine increase the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and ______________ in the brain.

dopamine

People with substance use disorders often exhibit other forms of mental disorders, primarily

antisocial, mood, and anxiety disorders

Controlled drinking approaches may be especially suited to individuals with

less severe drinking problems

Heroin is a highly dangerous drug due to its addictive properties, its pharmacologic effects, and its

drug trafficking

nystagmus

trouble following objects w/ your eyes

temporal disintegration

loss of ability to remember and coordinate information, caused by marijuana usage

alcohol + barbiturate?

very depressed nervous system & can lead to death

Who is more likely to abuse a legal, over the counter drug?

An older (80 year old) man rather than a younger man or a woman

Many theorists propose that substance abuse may be due to

operant conditioning

As in aversion therapy, aversive pharmacological interventions pair ingestion of the substance with a noxious physical reaction. The best known substance used in this manner is

disulfiram (antabuse)

Most people who are treated for amphetamine abuse

also report high use of alcohol

The DSM does not include symptoms of withdrawal for the following two categories of substances

hallucinogens and inhalants

In motivational enhancement therapy (MET), as opposed to more traditional substance abuse treatment

the focus may emphasize patients' strengths and adheres to the patients' timetable

SORC model

S = stimulus or "antecedent" factors which occur before target behavior
O = organismic variables relevant to target behavior
R = the response = the target behavior
C = consequences of target behavior