Substance Use
using substances that somehow affect behavior.
Substance-Related Disorder
substance abuse.
Substance Intoxication
a reversible condition brought on by excessive use of a drug such as alcohol.
Substance Abuse
involves repeated use of substances to the point that recurring problems are evident.
Substance Dependence
a maladaptive pattern of substance use potentially defined by tolerance and withdrawal.
Tolerance
the need to ingest greater and greater quantities of a drug to achieve the same effect.
Substance Withdrawal
maladaptive behavioral changes when a person stops using a drug.
Depressant
drugs that inhibit aspects of the central nervous system. Include alcohol, anesthetics for surgery, antiseizure medications, barbituate drugs, and hypnotic drugs.
Disinhibition
inhibiting a key inhibitory brain system.
Blood Alcohol Level
concentration of alcohol in the blood.
Lethal Dose
the dose of a substance that kills a certain percentage of test animals.
Cirrhosis of the Liver
scar tissue replaces liver tissue leading to loss of function and possibly death.
Korsakoff's Syndrom
a cognitive disorder that involves confusion, memory loss, and problems with coordination because of thiamine deficiency from extended alcohol use.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrom
a condition that produces facial abnormalities, slowly physical growth, cognitive impairment, and learning problems throughout elementary school. Alcohol use by pregnant mothers, particularly binge drinking, can produce more general fetal alcohol effects
Stimuant
drugs that activate or stimulate the central nervous system. Include bronchodilators to ease breathing, methyphenidate to treat adhd, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines.
Opiates
drugs commonly use to relieve pain or cough, such as morphine or codeine.
Hallucinogens
drugs that cause symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations, disorganized thinking, odd perceptions, and delirium.
Marijuana
Cannibis sativa, stimulates canabinoid receptors throughout the brain and especially the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. Drug creates feelings of joy, well-being humor, and a dreamlike state.
Mesolimbic System
a major dopamine pathway and one strongly implicated in sensations of pleasure, reward, and desire.
Reward Deficiency Syndrome
people may not be able to obtain much reward from everyday life events and so resort to excesses such as drug use to obtain sufficient rewards.
Stress-Induced Relapse
involves an activation of certain brain substances related to stress, such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone and cortisol, that help us cope but also increase dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway.
Codependency
refers to dysfunctional behaviors that spouses, partners, children, and others engage in to cope with the stress of having a family member with a substance-related disorder. Often involves intense care of a person with the disorder to the detriment of one
Distal Factors
background facts that indirectly affect a person and can generally contribute to a mental disorder.
Proximal Factors
more immediate factors that directly affect a person and more specifically contribute to a mental disorder.
Screening Interviews
specifically designed to assess recent and lifetime problems with respect to substance use.
Motivational Interviewing
an assessment and treatment strategy that involves obtaining information about a person's substance-related problem and providing feedback to help increase their readiness for change.
Agonists
drugs that have a similar chemical composition as the abused drug.
Cross-Tolerance
tolerance for a drug one has never taken.
Antagonists
drugs that block pleasurable effects of an addictive drug, with the expectation, and hope, that this will reduce cravings for the addictive drug.
Partial Agonists
drugs that may act as an agonist or an antagonist depending on how much of a neurotransmitter is produced.
Aversive Drugs
drugs that make ingestion of an addictive drug quite uncomfortable.
Detoxificaion
involves withdrawing from a drug under medical supervision, which may include medications.
Rehabilitation
the next phase of inpatient of residential treatment.
Skills Training
a key behavioral treatment for substance-related disorders involving helping a person understand antedecents and consequences of drug use and recognizing what situations represent a high risk for return to drug use.
Self-Monitoring
in which a person constantly records the amount of drug taken or various situations and emotions that lead to urges for drug use.
Cue Exposure Therapy
in which a person is exposed to cues such as the sight and smell of alcohol and then uses skills such as relaxation or discussion to successfully decline drug use.
Contingency Management
rewarding positive behaviors via praise and other reinforcers from family members, friends, and close associates.
Community Reinforcement Approach
a person with substance dependence is not only rewarded by others for abstinence but also encouraged to change conditions in his environment to make them more rewarding than substance abuse.
Multidimensional Family Therapy
consists of a 12 week program that focuses on developing a strong adolescent-parent bond, enhancing good negotiation and family problem-solving
Self-help groups
similar to group therapy in that several people with a substance-related disorder meet to support one another and encourage abstinence.
What location has the greatest concentration of alcohol abuse?
Institutions of higher learning.
Is methamphetamine a hallucinogen?
No.
The need to ingest greater amounts of a drug to achieve the same effects is...
Tolerance
A drug that produces powerful distortions in your perceptions, tasting colors, and smelling sounds is a...
Hallucinogen
What is the most known and used depressant?
Alcohol.
What are the maladaptive effects when a drug is stopped?
Withdrawal.