Psychology Chapter 5

What is the process of conveying feelings, attitudes, facts, beliefs, and ideas between individuals, either verbally or non verbally, in such a way that the message intended is understood.

Communication

When two people talk, six possible messages can get through:

1. What you mean to say
2. What you actually say
3. What the other person hears
4. What the other person thinks he hears
5. What the other person says about what you said
6. What you think the other person said about what you said

We have to have something to communicate.

The idea

The sender forms a mental picture of that message and then organizes and translates this picture into symbols.

Encoding

Refers to the means by which the encoded communication is to be made, or the channel through which the message must pass from the sender to the receiver.

Transmission

The receiver has to be attentive so he or she can receive the message.

Receiving

This is done by the receiver. The message must be interpreted and translated into meaning.

Decoding

The receiver must decode the information, and hopefully, interpret as the sender meant it to be.

Understanding

The process by which the sender clarifies how his or her message is being received and interpreted. It becomes a message, and the sender and receiver switch roles

Feedback

This is anything that interferes with communication and distorts the impact of the message.

Noise

noise�traffic, television, temperature, etc.

External noise

noise�headache, lack of sleep, daydreaming, etc.

Internal noise

What is an intellectual and emotional process that integrates physical, emotional, and intellectual inputs in a search for meaning and understanding.

Listening

A form of paying attention, which is an active process involving much more than hearing and seeing.

Listening

How much of communication is ignored, misunderstood, or quickly forgotten

75%

After most people have listened to someone talk, how much do they remeber of what they have heard

they remembers only about one?half of what they have heard.

Within eight hours, how much of what we hear did we forget?

we tend to forget one?third to one?half more

What is a word used to describe the physiological sensory process by which auditory sensations are received by the ears and transmitted to the brain.

Hearing

According to who, when another person speaks, we're usually listening at one of four levels:

Stephen Covey

not really listening at all

Ignoring

yeah, uh?huh, right

Pretending

Attending to only parts of the conversation

Selective

paying attention and focusing energy on the words that are being said

Attentive

listening with the intent to understand

Empathetic Listening

This consists of prejudices, past experiences, hopes, and anxieties. Everything we hear, see, or read is interpreted

Internal psychological filter

Sometimes we enter a conversation or situation with a special interest in mind, a grudge, or chip on?the?shoulder that may interfere with how we relate or communicate within the group

Hidden agenda

Sometimes we are so involved with our own little world that we don't pay attention to what others are really saying.

Preoccupation and Lack of Interest

Techniques for Improving Listening Skills:

1. Allow the speaker to speak freely
2. Listen to the speaker and ignore distractions
3. Avoid preoccupation with your own thoughts
4. Use verbal following or minimal encourages
5. Avoid all initial judgment
6. Try to listen for more than just the spoken

This response means to see the expressed idea, attitude, or problem from the other person's point of view; to sense how it feels to the sender, and achieve the sender's frame of reference in regard to the thing he or she is talking about.

Listening

Practice the habit of inclining your body toward the speaker rather than leaning back.

Develop a posture of involvement

This is an invitation for the other person to say more

Make use of door openers.

. Provide indication that you are still listening.

Use minimal encouragements

Paraphrase or state the essence of the other's content in your own words, focusing on facts and ideas rather than the emotions the sender is expressing.

Respond reflectively.

When possible, mirror back to the speaker the emotion which he or she is communicating. Active listening is also an excellent tool to use in "heated" discussions

Respond reflectively.

Many people say that more than sixty-five percent of our communication is by

Non verbal

Nonverbal communication relates to verbal communication in three ways:

It can reinforce the verbal message.
It can replace the verbal message.
It can contradict the verbal message

When the nonverbal message contradicts the verbal message, which message is more trusted

the non-verbal message is the most trusted.

More than any other nonverbal factor,what can communicate more emotional meaning more accurately.

Facial expressions and eye contact

What part of the face is the most expressive?

Eyes

What is the study of kinds of cues such as pitch, rate, tone, fluency, etc.

Paralinguistics

Any what may have a meaning or can be interpreted as having a meaning

Gestures and other body movements

? One of the most meaningful methods of nonverbal communication

Touching

The invisible bubble around us. Edward Hall defined four distances that we use in everyday life

Personal space and distance

from the body to 18 inches out.

Intimate Distance

from 18 inches to about 4 feet; we will allow our friends into this area.

Personal Distance

from 4 to 12 feet.

Social Distance

from 12 feet on out.

Public Distance

Characteristics in a physical environment that make you feel comfortable or uncomfortable.

Physical environment and territory

What we wear and how we groom ourselves is very important in the communication process. Keep in mind that this differs among cultures as well.

Clothing and personal appearance

The study of meaning and changes of meaning of words.

Semantics

We often make the mistake that we think that others understand us and many times they don't.

Assumptions

The most important single factor affecting our communication with others is our what?

Self?Concept

Words stated may not be as important as the way in which we catch these words.

Emotion?packed phrases

-Who are likely to speak and hear a language of "status and independence." use language to challenge others, to achieve status in a group, to convey information, and to keep from getting pushed around.

Males

Who is likely to speak and hear a language of "connection and intimacy". They use language to achieve and share intimacy with others, to promote closeness and equality in a group, and to prevent others from pushing them away.

Women