humanistic
The ________ theory of personality has its basis in the theories of learning, and focuses on the effects of environment on one's personal characteristics and actions.
short-term memory
The conscious mind can be compared to
preconscious level
What did you have for lunch an hour ago?" Before I asked you that question, the information was in your
Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner.
You are quite hungry but don't have a dime to your name. If you were described as "all id and only id'" what would you do?
ego
There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. Acc
id; ego, superego
The job of the ________ is to find practical ways for the ________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the ________.
ego and superego; id
In Freud's personality theory, the ________ are in conflict and the ________ must mediate between them.
oral
Dan plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage
Oscar had an anal expulsive personality and Felix had an anal retentive personality.
In the classic sitcom The Odd Couple, it was amazing that Oscar and Felix got along because Oscar was such a slob and Felix was so obsessively neat. From a Freudian perspective, what could be said about the way these two men made it through the anal stage
phallic
The Freudian stage in which boys must resolve the Oedipus complex is the ________ stage
phallic stage
According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the
castration anxiety
Sigmund Freud proposed that little boys' fears that their fathers may retaliate against them for forbidden sexual and aggressive impulses may lead to
Oedipus complex
Four-year-old Larry squeezes between his Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept?
identification with the same-sex parent
What did Freud perceive as the outcome of successful resolution of the Oedipus complex
mostly girls
Jill is an 8-year-old girl who is having a birthday party. According to Freud, since Jill is in the latency period, whom would you expect to be at her party?
Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test.
Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following will be at the top of your list?
reciprocal determinism
Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as
self-efficacy
A baseball player's son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young
self-efficacy
Which of the following concepts is NOT found in the humanistic perspective of personality?
real self close to ideal self
Which of the following descriptions is likely to fit the quality of self-actualization?
conditional positive regard
Carl Rogers believed people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive
introverts; extraverts
An investigation of students' housing preferences would probably show that single rooms are preferred by _______ whereas suites are preferred by _______
openness
Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure
identical; fraternal
Monozygotic twins are ________, while dizygotic twins are ________.
the heritability of traits
Research on ________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences.
a projective test
When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna's unconscious thoughts.
Rorschach
Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?
projection
Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married. Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters. Which defense mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?
compensatory proces
The push toward fulfillment of our inborn capacities and potentialities is what Rogers calls the
validity
When a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure, the test has
reliability
Consistency of measurement is indicative of the __________ of a test.
TAT
Which of the following tests has a respondent construct a story about a picture?
subjective discomfort
Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding wheth
behavioral
Dave's wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his inability to cope with criticism. The doctor suggests that Dave's problem represents the expression of a repressed, unresolved, internal conflict buried in his unconscious mind that has its root
behavioral
Linda is afraid of cats because when she was a little girl a cat scared her by jumping out of her closet and onto her face. As a result of this experience, Linda learned to be afraid of cats. Which model of abnormality offers the best explanation of Linda
phobic disorder
Which of the following is an anxiety disorder?
social
Fear of public speaking and stage fright are both examples of ________ phobias
Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific
trigger.
What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobic disorder?
a panic attack
Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body," and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is havi
panic disorder with agoraphobia
Rey always has panic attacks when he is in crowds. Lately, they occur so frequently and unexpectedly that he avoids any place or situation where he expects to be among large groups of people. Rey is most likely to be diagnosed with
panic disorder
Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like
Hey, pal, you are really overgeneralizing. Just because Gina said no doesn't mean that all girls will!
While talking with his best friend Johnny, Maurice, who is clearly down and out, says "Dude, I just have no luck with girls at all. I asked Gina out last night and she turned me down flat. Nobody will EVER want to go out with me. Why am I such a loser?" B
somatoform
In the last six months Shelly has visited her physician ten times to complain of numerous physical symptoms. The physician has been unable to find a physical cause for her symptoms. What category of psychological disorders is the physician likely to suspe
hypochondriasis
When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was a sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What psychological disorder might Bo
conversion disorder
After witnessing an accident that killed his daughter, George reports he is blind. Although he bumps into objects at home and elsewhere, he shows lack of concern about his blindness. Specialists have found nothing wrong with the structure or function of h
a dissociative disorder
After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from
schizophrenia
A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from
delusions of grandeur
Shreen is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shreen is experiencing
flat affect
Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion?
catatonic schizophrenia
While doing volunteer work at a mental hospital, Mary is put on a ward for adults with severe mental disorders. One patient remains in the same position for hours at a time and never talks. The doctors tell Mary this patient suffers from
positive
A hospital patient was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she was having both delusions and hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these?
Jared, who enjoys stealing cars and going for joy rides around his neighborhood.
Which of the following people would be most likely to receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?
borderline
Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ________ personality disorde
seasonal affective disorder
he treatment recommended for a patient at the mental health clinic is phototherapy. What is the likely diagnosi
biological
It seems to Joanna that every time her son Daniel eats foods containing chemical dyes or additives, he gets into trouble or acts irrationally. When Joanna mentions this to her pediatrician, the doctor tells Joanna that Daniel's behavior fits the _________
dissociative
The famous story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is an example of which disorder?
bipolar disorder
Last month Pam was giddy, impulsive, and talkative; this month she is sad, silent, and almost motionless. What is the most likely diagnosis in this case?
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
While Sid is sitting at his desk at work an image of harming his young son pops into his mind. Each time this occurs, he touches all four corners of his desk in a particular order. Sid porbably suffers from
bipolar
John's behavior appears normal, then he becomes depressed and hyperactivity follows. He would likely be diagnosed as having which disorder?
panic disorder.
June often experiences episodes during which her heart rate accelerates by more than 50 beats per minute despite encountering no emergency. June suffers from:
obsessive-compulsive
Martha vacuums the carpet in her living room 15 times a day. It is very likely that she is suffering from which of the following disorders?
PTSD
Destruction of one's home or community is MOST likely to result in which of the following?
behavior
A young boy is attacked by a large dog. He is now terribly afraid of all large dogs. His phobia of dogs is BEST explained by __________ theory
panic attack
Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when she is, without warning, overcome by feelings of intense fear, losing control of herself. Her terror is so great that all she can do is sit at her desk shaking and crying. Nothing she was doing at th
a hallucination.
Nancy smells smoke when there is no fire. This is an example of:
disorganized
Tom's speech makes no sense. He acts childlike and giggles for no apparent reason. Tom would likely be diagnosed as which type of schizophrenia?
psychoanalytic
A client lies on a couch with the therapist sitting out of sight behind her. The therapist gets to know the client's problems through free association and positive and negative transference. This is an example of ________ therapy.
manifest content
According to Freud, the ________ of the dream refers to the client's memory of the things, people, and events in the dream.
latent content
In interpreting a dream, a psychoanalyst would attempt to discover the dream's
reactance
Joe has been undergoing psychoanalysis for several months. Over the past few weeks, he has become unwilling to talk about his relationship with his father and becomes uncomfortable when thoughts of him enter his mind during therapy. What process would the
negative transference
Mario has always had trouble dealing with his parents as authority figures. During psychoanalysis, he reacts to the analyst in a negative manner whenever the therapist says something that reminds him of his parents' control over him. What process would Fr
mismatch between an individual's ideal self and real self
What did Carl Rogers view as a cause of most personal problems and unhappiness?
nondirective
Carl Rogers's person-centered approach is considered ________ because the client actually does all the real work, with the therapist merely acting as a sounding board.
unconditional positive regard
The therapist's feeling of respect and affection for the client that exists without any strings attached, no matter what the client may say or do, is called
Say the first thing that comes to your mind; don't censor anything because I want to know what is truly
on your mind.
Imagine if Sigmund Freud were to go to Carl Rogers for therapy. Freud's major complaint is depression due to distress over the lack of positive response to his theories. What is Rogers most likely to say during their session?
A fear of heights restricts Alice's enrollment to classes that meet on the first floor.
For which of these problems would systematic desensitization most likely be used?
flooding
Iram is afraid of snakes. In an effort to help him overcome his fear, his therapist has him enter a room where there are dozens of snakes and has him hold them. Iram is not permitted to leave the room until the therapy session is completed. Iram's therapi
participant modeling
Juan is so afraid of germs that he wears gloves when opening doors. He is encouraged by his therapist to imitate a person in a video who demonstrates opening a door, step-by-step, without wearing gloves. Which technique is his therapist using?
token economy
At Skinner Elementary School, teachers pass out "skinner bucks" to students who turn in papers on time, obey the teacher, and finish their homework. The paper "bucks" can be traded in at the end of the week for special treats or game-playing time on the c
a contingency contract
Eileen goes to a therapist for help in losing weight. She and her therapist develop a written agreement spelling out weekly step-by-step methods for Eileen to use in order to reach her weight goal. The plan specifies rewards for reaching weekly goals and
ignore the tantrums and pay attention to her son only when he is calm
A parent wishes to stop her young son from throwing temper tantrums. You suggest she use extinction and advise her to
our irrational beliefs
According to Albert Ellis, we become unhappy and depressed about events because of
You are upset about the reaction that your work has been receiving.
Sigmund Freud arrives for a therapy session with Albert Ellis. Freud's main complaint is depression; it seems that Freud's writings have not received the kind of response he had hoped for and expected. What is Ellis most likely to say during the therapy s
rational-emotive
A therapist challenges what she sees as her client's irrational and self-defeating beliefs. She uses persuasion, confrontation, arguments, and even homework assignments to challenge those beliefs. She is probably a ________ therapist.
Psychiatrists
are specifically trained to use biomedical therapies.
hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior
Antipsychotic drugs treat symptoms such as
lithium
Bob has been under a physician's care for bipolar disorder. Bob's doctor is most likely to prescribe which of the following to treat Bob's disorder?
severe depression
ECT (Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy) is used to treat
surgery that is performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders
Which of the following is the appropriate definition of psychosurgery?
psychiatrists
What type of mental health professional must possess a doctorate in medicine?
electric shock
Which of the following is NOT used in biomedical therapy?
humanistic
Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that people naturally strive to reach their potential and lead a fulfilling life?
behavioral
Rational Emotive Therapy classifies as a/an __________ approach.
desensitization
Martha and Stan are newlyweds. They see a therapist because Martha is afraid of sexual intercourse. The therapist asks Martha exactly which acts make her anxious, constructs a hierarchy of those threatening acts, teaches her to relax, and asks her to imag
aversive conditioning
Jerry is 22 years old and still gets too many cavities from eating too many sweets. Jerry's dentist trains him to think of the pain of having his teeth drilled each time he reaches for a piece of candy. The dentist is using __________ to cure Jerry's exce
overgeneralization
A technique which assumes it is impossible to be relaxed and anxious at the same time is
Gestalt
Which therapy does NOT assume that many psychological problems are the result of internal thoughts and feelings?
aversive conditioning
In which of the following therapies might a therapist use real physical pain to change behavior?
psychoanalysis
Kaleem wants to see a therapist because he feels he has negative thoughts and would like to change his way of thinking. Because he is on a limited budget, he would like to choose a type of therapy that is relatively short term and inexpensive. Which of th
aversive conditioning
Paula's mother painted Paula's nails with an unpleasant-tasting salve to stop her nail biting. This illustrates