Psychosis
A loss of contact with reality
Symptoms may include hallucinations and/or delusions
Origin of the term schizophrenia
Comes from the Greek words for "split mind.
Symptoms of schizophrenia: three categories
Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Psychomotor symptoms
Positive symptoms
Pathological excess," or bizarre additions to a person's behavior.
Delusions
Disordered thinking and speech
Hallucinations
Inappropriate Affect
Delusions
Faulty interpretations of reality (strange beliefs held despite evidence to the contrary)
Delusions of persecution *+
Delusions of reference (attach special personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events)
Delusions of grandeur (
Four types of disordered thinking and speech
Loose associations/derailment * (rapidly switch from one topic to another)
Neologisms (made up words that typically have meaning only to the person using them)
Perseveration (repeat their words and statements again and again)
Clang (aka rhythm to think or
Heightened perceptions and hallucinations
Senses feel like their flooded making it impossible to attend to anything important
Hallucinations-faulty sensory perceptions
Auditory *
Visual, tactile, gustatory, offactory, somatic
Inappropriate affect
Emotions that are unsuited to the situation
Negative symptoms
Pathological deficits," characteristics that are lacking in an individual.
Poverty of speech (alogia)
Blunted and flat affect
Avolition
Social withdraw
Poverty of speech
aka alogia
A reduction in speech or speech content
Blunted and flat affect
Show less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most people
Avolition
Apathy, feeling drained of energy and of interest in normal goals and unable to start or follow through on a course of action
Social withdraw
People may withdraw from their social environment and attend only to their own ideas and fantasies.
Psychomotor symptoms
Awkward movements, repeated grimaces, odd gestures
Extreme forms are collectively called catatonia
Catatonic stupor
Stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for long stretches of time
Catatonic rigidity
A rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved
Catatonic posturing
Assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long periods of time
Catatonic excitement
A different form of catatonia.
Move excitedly, sometimes with wild waving of arms and legs
Three phases of schizophrenia
1. Prodromal- beginning of deterioration; mild symptoms
2. Active- symptoms become increasingly apparent
3. Residual- a return to prodromal levels
alogia
significant reduction in the amount of speech describes which negative symptoms of schizophrenia? absence of thought, Inferred from observing speech:
-Poverty of speech: Brief responses
-thought blocking: loses train of thought
-poverty of content: Circum
avolition
lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in, or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities, including work or school, hobbies or social acitivties describes which negative symptom?
Delusions of persecutions
paranoid delusions that people are out to get to you, to hurt you physically, or emotionally (i.e.: government or FBI)
Grandiose delusions
Believes to have special knowledge or power, intellect (IE: Barak Obama doesn't tell anyone, but I am his secret advisor)
anergia
anergiaLack of energy, lack of mental or physical exertion. 25 year old Naps three hours daily and sleeps ten hours nightly
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Catatonic type, Disorganized type, Paranoid type, Undifferentiated type, residual type
Schizophrenia catatonic type
catatonic symptoms are prominent
Schizophrenia Disorganized type
Disorganized behavior and/or speech are prominent
Schizophrenia paranoid type
bizarre delusions involving persecution or hallucinations
Schizophrenia undifferentiated type
criteria for symptoms are met, but no one set of symptoms predominate
Schizophrenia residual type
active phase symptoms are present but substantially reduced, dysfunction continuing
other psychotic disorders
brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder
Are the symptoms of schizophrenia heterogenous or homogenous?
heterogenous
Is schizophrenia more prevalent in men or woman?
men
What are the two positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
hallucinations and delusions
What are the five negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
avolition, alogia, anhedonia, blunted effect, and asociality
What are the 2 disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia?
disorganised behaviour and disorganised speech
anhedonia
A loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experience of pleasure is called what?
Antipsychotic medications decrease the levels of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter has a role in regulating dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic pathways?
seratonin