What is the diathesis-stress model?
The diathesis-stress model assumes that mental disorders arise form the interaction between constitutional vulnerabilities and the environmental factors that act on the individual throughout life, In addition certain positive characteristics of the person
What is one source of biological vulnerability for mental disorders?
Genetic predispositions are one source of vulnerability. At conception, the human zygote possesses genes inherited from both mother and father. Genes come in pairs, and one member of each pair comes from each parent. Dominant genes are genes whose effect
What is genotype?
Genotype is the particular combination of genes inherited by a person. The genotype is a blueprint that includes detailed instruction on how to build a human being.
What is phenotype?
Phenotype is the combination of physical and behavioral characteristics associated with the genotype. Only some of the genes in the perosn's genotype are expressed in a way that affects behavior.
What is gene expression?
Gene expression involves a process called transcription, in which the gene's DNA provides the template for messenger RNA, thereby activating the "code" for the synthesis of proteins.
How is the zygote affected by the intrauterine environment?
From the moment of conception, the zygote is surrounded by an intrauterine environment that begins to influence its development through the expression of genes. The mother's physical health and personal experiences determine the nature of the intrauterine
What is the family study method?
The family study method examines the occurrence of characteristics or disorders in people who are genetically related.
What is the twin study method?
The twin study method relies on the differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins in their genetic similarity.
What are adoption studies?
Adoption studies trace the development of children who are offspring of biological parents with a disorder, but who are reared by adoptive parents without the disorder.
What are genetic linkage studies/analysis?
An approach in which researchers locate a family with a prevalence of a certain disorder. They then look for genetic markers in all the family members. If the gene or genes for the specific disorder are near the marker gene, there will be a linkage betwee
What are quantitative genetic methods?
Procedures, including mathematical equations, statistics, and data about large samples of people, that researchers use to try to estimate how much a person's genotype contributes to a particular trait or disorder.
What are neurons?
Neurons are the cells of the nervous system. They communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, and GABA are neurotransmitters that are believed to play a role in some forms of psycho
What things influence the neurons function?
Sex hormones and stress hormones influence the way neurons function. Exposure to chronic or severe stress can change neuronal function and produce behavioral abnormalities.
What causes disruption in communication between neurons?
When there is too little or too much of any neurotransmitter or changes in the neurotransmitter receptors. Damage to the glial cells that surround neurons and hormonal imbalances can also interfere with neurotransmission. Using sophisticated techniques, r
What is the CNS?
Central nervous system-comprised of the spinal cord, the brain stem, and the forebrain. The forebrain is highly developed in humans. The cortex is the largest region of the brain and it is important for complicated mental abilities. Areas under the cortex
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
One of the primary systems mediating the biological response to stress. When the organism is exposed to a stressful event, a cascade of biological events is triggered in the HPA system, leading to the secretion of glucocorticoids, including the stress hor
What is the PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of the neurons outside the central nervous system. Its two divisions are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
What is the somatic nervous system?
(SoNS Or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The SoNS consists of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including al
What is the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS or visceral nervous system or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Comes into play during activation-excitatory
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Dampens arousal-inhibitory
What are some of the things that affect the neurodevelopment of a fetus?
The genotype contains plans for prenatal and postnatal nervous system development. Allof the components of the nervous system are formed during prenatal life, and their development is affected by tthe mother's health. Fetal exposure to toxins, insufficien
What affects the development of a child's nervous system?
As the child matures, the nervous system undergoes further changes that are dictated by the genetic blueprint. These maturational processes include the refinement of interneuronal communication and the gradual activation of brain regions that are responsi
What neurodevelopmental processes extend into adulthood.
Our chances of developing various psychological problems and disorders change significantly with age. A few disorder (for example, autism and PDD) have an onset in early childhood, but most do not have their clinical onset until late adolescence or young
In what way do biological processes play a role in learning and memory?
Biological processes mediate the effects of the environment. The amygdala and hippocampus are areas of the brain that are involved in the formation and storage of memories. When memories are formed, there are changes in the way neurons respond to input an
What effect does environment have on the nervous system?
Stimulating and supportive environments can have beneficial effects on the nervous system. This occurs through changes in gene expression. Stressful environments can have detrimental effects, largely due to the invludence of stress hormones on gene expres
What is the biomedical model?
The biomedical model applied the same terms to psychological and behavioral abnormalities that were used to describe physical illnesses.
What are genes?
Genes are the basic units of heredity that contain the code for our inherited traits.
What is neurodevelopment?
Neurodevelopment refers to the development of the nervous system.
What is DNA?
DNA is the molecule formed like a double-helix and stores the template for the production of proteins from amino acids.
What is a dominant gene?
A dominant gene can produce a trait on its own.
What is a recessive gene?
A recessive gene requires another like it to produce a trait.
What is polygenic?
Characteristics that are influenced by multiple genes.
What are dizygotic twins?
fraternal or twins originating from two fertilized eggs
What are monozygotic twins?
monozygotic or identical twins that develop from a single fertilized egg.
What is penetrance?
The term penetrance is used by scientists to refer to the likelihood that a particular gene will be expressed.
What is transcription?
Transcription is the process by which DNA synthesizes RNA.
What is a family study?
In behavioral genetics, the family study method simply documents the occurrence of disorders in individuals who vary in their genetic relatedness.
What is genetic linkage analysis?
Involves looking for a marker gene in a family in which several members suffer from the same disorder.
What are the ways that neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?
Diffusion-occurs when the neurotransmitter mix with other substances and their concentration is reduced; Degradation involves the decomposition of neurotransmitters by enzymes; and reuptake occurs when the excess neurotransmitters are taken back by the pr
What are agonists?
Drugs that increase activity in particular neurotransmitter systems.
What are antagonists
Drugs that decrease activity in particular neurotransmitter systems.
The _____system activates our "fight or flight" response; the ____systm calms us down
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
____ ______ is the process in which connection among neurons are eliminated during development.
Synaptic pruning
What is explicit memory?
Explicit memory refers to stored knowledge about objects, people,and events.
What is implicit memory?
Implicit memory refers to stored knowledge about perceptual and motor skills and various procedures and principles.
What is the function of the brain stem?
controls automatic functions such as coughing or swallowing.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
controls posture, balance, and movements
What is the function of the medulla?
regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
What is the function of the thalamus?
processes sensory and motor info and directs it to the cortex
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
controls hormone secretion from pituitary gland; regulates appetite and sexual drive
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
connects right and left hemispheres, enabling communication.
What is the function of the limbic system?
integrates past memories, emotions/motivation, and motor plans
What is the function of ventricles?
a system of cavities containing cerebral spinal fluid
What is the function of the cerbral cortex?
governs executive functions such as formulating and executing plans
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
essential to motor behavior; involved in the behavioral activating system.
What is the function of the amygdala?
triggers emotional responses and our ability to learn from rewards and punishments.
What is the diathesis-stress model?
The diathesis-stress model assumes that mental disorders arise form the interaction between constitutional vulnerabilities and the environmental factors that act on the individual throughout life, In addition certain positive characteristics of the person
What is one source of biological vulnerability for mental disorders?
Genetic predispositions are one source of vulnerability. At conception, the human zygote possesses genes inherited from both mother and father. Genes come in pairs, and one member of each pair comes from each parent. Dominant genes are genes whose effect
What is genotype?
Genotype is the particular combination of genes inherited by a person. The genotype is a blueprint that includes detailed instruction on how to build a human being.
What is phenotype?
Phenotype is the combination of physical and behavioral characteristics associated with the genotype. Only some of the genes in the perosn's genotype are expressed in a way that affects behavior.
What is gene expression?
Gene expression involves a process called transcription, in which the gene's DNA provides the template for messenger RNA, thereby activating the "code" for the synthesis of proteins.
How is the zygote affected by the intrauterine environment?
From the moment of conception, the zygote is surrounded by an intrauterine environment that begins to influence its development through the expression of genes. The mother's physical health and personal experiences determine the nature of the intrauterine
What is the family study method?
The family study method examines the occurrence of characteristics or disorders in people who are genetically related.
What is the twin study method?
The twin study method relies on the differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins in their genetic similarity.
What are adoption studies?
Adoption studies trace the development of children who are offspring of biological parents with a disorder, but who are reared by adoptive parents without the disorder.
What are genetic linkage studies/analysis?
An approach in which researchers locate a family with a prevalence of a certain disorder. They then look for genetic markers in all the family members. If the gene or genes for the specific disorder are near the marker gene, there will be a linkage betwee
What are quantitative genetic methods?
Procedures, including mathematical equations, statistics, and data about large samples of people, that researchers use to try to estimate how much a person's genotype contributes to a particular trait or disorder.
What are neurons?
Neurons are the cells of the nervous system. They communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, and GABA are neurotransmitters that are believed to play a role in some forms of psycho
What things influence the neurons function?
Sex hormones and stress hormones influence the way neurons function. Exposure to chronic or severe stress can change neuronal function and produce behavioral abnormalities.
What causes disruption in communication between neurons?
When there is too little or too much of any neurotransmitter or changes in the neurotransmitter receptors. Damage to the glial cells that surround neurons and hormonal imbalances can also interfere with neurotransmission. Using sophisticated techniques, r
What is the CNS?
Central nervous system-comprised of the spinal cord, the brain stem, and the forebrain. The forebrain is highly developed in humans. The cortex is the largest region of the brain and it is important for complicated mental abilities. Areas under the cortex
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
One of the primary systems mediating the biological response to stress. When the organism is exposed to a stressful event, a cascade of biological events is triggered in the HPA system, leading to the secretion of glucocorticoids, including the stress hor
What is the PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of the neurons outside the central nervous system. Its two divisions are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
What is the somatic nervous system?
(SoNS Or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. The SoNS consists of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including al
What is the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS or visceral nervous system or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Comes into play during activation-excitatory
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Dampens arousal-inhibitory
What are some of the things that affect the neurodevelopment of a fetus?
The genotype contains plans for prenatal and postnatal nervous system development. Allof the components of the nervous system are formed during prenatal life, and their development is affected by tthe mother's health. Fetal exposure to toxins, insufficien
What affects the development of a child's nervous system?
As the child matures, the nervous system undergoes further changes that are dictated by the genetic blueprint. These maturational processes include the refinement of interneuronal communication and the gradual activation of brain regions that are responsi
What neurodevelopmental processes extend into adulthood.
Our chances of developing various psychological problems and disorders change significantly with age. A few disorder (for example, autism and PDD) have an onset in early childhood, but most do not have their clinical onset until late adolescence or young
In what way do biological processes play a role in learning and memory?
Biological processes mediate the effects of the environment. The amygdala and hippocampus are areas of the brain that are involved in the formation and storage of memories. When memories are formed, there are changes in the way neurons respond to input an
What effect does environment have on the nervous system?
Stimulating and supportive environments can have beneficial effects on the nervous system. This occurs through changes in gene expression. Stressful environments can have detrimental effects, largely due to the invludence of stress hormones on gene expres
What is the biomedical model?
The biomedical model applied the same terms to psychological and behavioral abnormalities that were used to describe physical illnesses.
What are genes?
Genes are the basic units of heredity that contain the code for our inherited traits.
What is neurodevelopment?
Neurodevelopment refers to the development of the nervous system.
What is DNA?
DNA is the molecule formed like a double-helix and stores the template for the production of proteins from amino acids.
What is a dominant gene?
A dominant gene can produce a trait on its own.
What is a recessive gene?
A recessive gene requires another like it to produce a trait.
What is polygenic?
Characteristics that are influenced by multiple genes.
What are dizygotic twins?
fraternal or twins originating from two fertilized eggs
What are monozygotic twins?
monozygotic or identical twins that develop from a single fertilized egg.
What is penetrance?
The term penetrance is used by scientists to refer to the likelihood that a particular gene will be expressed.
What is transcription?
Transcription is the process by which DNA synthesizes RNA.
What is a family study?
In behavioral genetics, the family study method simply documents the occurrence of disorders in individuals who vary in their genetic relatedness.
What is genetic linkage analysis?
Involves looking for a marker gene in a family in which several members suffer from the same disorder.
What are the ways that neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse?
Diffusion-occurs when the neurotransmitter mix with other substances and their concentration is reduced; Degradation involves the decomposition of neurotransmitters by enzymes; and reuptake occurs when the excess neurotransmitters are taken back by the pr
What are agonists?
Drugs that increase activity in particular neurotransmitter systems.
What are antagonists
Drugs that decrease activity in particular neurotransmitter systems.
The _____system activates our "fight or flight" response; the ____systm calms us down
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
____ ______ is the process in which connection among neurons are eliminated during development.
Synaptic pruning
What is explicit memory?
Explicit memory refers to stored knowledge about objects, people,and events.
What is implicit memory?
Implicit memory refers to stored knowledge about perceptual and motor skills and various procedures and principles.
What is the function of the brain stem?
controls automatic functions such as coughing or swallowing.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
controls posture, balance, and movements
What is the function of the medulla?
regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
What is the function of the thalamus?
processes sensory and motor info and directs it to the cortex
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
controls hormone secretion from pituitary gland; regulates appetite and sexual drive
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
connects right and left hemispheres, enabling communication.
What is the function of the limbic system?
integrates past memories, emotions/motivation, and motor plans
What is the function of ventricles?
a system of cavities containing cerebral spinal fluid
What is the function of the cerbral cortex?
governs executive functions such as formulating and executing plans
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
essential to motor behavior; involved in the behavioral activating system.
What is the function of the amygdala?
triggers emotional responses and our ability to learn from rewards and punishments.