Developmental Psychopathology
understanding abnormal behavior within the context of normal development
a general framework for understanding disordered behavior in relation to normal development
incorporates a developmental life-span perspective into the study of abnormal behavior
pharmaceuticals
2-3% of population vs 10-15% of population having a childhood disorder is epidemiologists vs. _____________
Developmental Norms
behavior that is typical for children of a given age
Externalizing Disorders
characterized by children's failure to control their behavior according to the expectations of parents, peers, teachers, or legal authorities
create difficulties for the child's external world
negativity, aggression, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and attent
Internalizing Disorders
psychological problems that primarily affect the child's internal world
ex: excessive anxiety or sadness
Adolescent Limited
behavior that ends along with the teen years
Life-Course-Persistent
antisocial behavior that continues into adult life
Callousness
indifference to the suffering of others
Relational Aggression
actions designed to hurt others in more subtle ways
more common among girls
ex: put downs, social exclusion, gossip
Executive Functioning
the internal direction of behavior
Hyperactivity
involves squirming, fidgeting, and restless behavior
trouble sitting still
Attention Deficits
characterized by distractibility, frequent shifts from one uncompleted activity to another, careless mistakes, poor organization or effort, and general "spaciness
Sustained Attention
ability to stay on task
Performance Test
a measure of sustained attention where children must closely monitor long lists of letters presented on a computer screen
Hyperkinesis
a synonym for hyperactivity
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
characterized by hyperactivity, attention deficit, and impulsivity
formerly hyperkinesis or attention-deficit disorder (ADD)
classified as a neurodevelopment disorder
several symptoms must begin before age 12
ADHD DSM-5 criteria
see lecture 22 slides 3-7
ADHD
mothers of children with ______ are more critical, demanding, and controlling than mothers of children without this diagnosis
but children's behavior could drive the mother's practices
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
characterized by a pattern of angry, defiant, and vindictive behaviors
rule violations typically involve minor transgressions
often foreshadows development of more serious antisocial behavior
comorbid
ADHD and ODD are frequently ____________ (50%)
Learning Disability (Disorder)
characterized by performance substantially below one's ability in a specific area of learning
Conduct Disorder
a persistent and repetitive pattern of serious rule violations, most of which are illegal as well as antisocial
ex: assault or robbery
Conduct Disorder DSM-5 criteria
see lecture 22 slide 23-25
Index Offenses
crimes against people or property that are illegal at any age
Status Offenses
acts that are illegal only because of the youth's status as a minor
ex: truancy from school
1. low income
2. overcrowding in home
3. maternal depression
4. paternal antisocial behavior
5. conflict between the parents
6. removal of the child from the home
6 family predictors of behavioral problems among children:
Temperament
inborn behavioral characteristics including activity level, emotionality, and sociability
easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up
Convenience Samples
groups of people who are easily recruited and studied
genetic
__________ factors strongly contribute to ADHD
Socialization
the process of shaping children's behavior and attitudes to conform to the expectations of parents, teachers, and society
Authoritative Parents
parents that are both loving and firm
Authoritarian Parents
parents that lack warmth and their discipline is often harsh and autocratic
Indulgent Parents
parents that are affectionate but lax in discipline
Neglectful Parents
parents not concerned either with their child's emotional needs or discipline
Coercion
occurs when parents positively reinforce a child's misbehavior by giving in to the child's demands
the child negatively reinforces the parents by ending their behavior
Negative Attention
the idea that a punishment sometimes may actually reinforce misbehavior
any attention is better than no attention
Low Self-Esteem
feelings of low worth
Self-Control
the internal regulation of behavior
Delay of Gratification
the ability to defer smaller but immediate rewards for larger, long-term benefits
Psychostimulants
medications that increase central nervous system activity
increase alertness, arousal, and attention
side effects: insomnia, loss of appetite, delayed growth
medications improve compliance and decrease negative behaviors, but are not as effective for lear
Strattera
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
only non stimulant medicine approved for treatment of ADHD
Behavioral Family Therapy
teaches parents to be very clear and specific about their expectations for children's behavior, to monitor children's actions closely, and systematically reward positive behavior while ignoring or mildly punishing misbehavior
Parent Training
teaching parents authoritative parenting
Problem-Solving Skills Training (PSST)
children are taught to slow down, evaluate a problem, and consider alternatives before acting
Negotiation
actively involving young people in setting rules
Recidivism
repeat offending
Multisystematic Therapy (MST)
combines family treatment with coordinated interventions in other important contexts of the troubled child's life such as peer groups or schools
good outcomes for recidivism
Diversion
keeping problem youths out of the juvenile justice system
effective "treatment
Separation Anxiety
normal fear or distress expressed follows separation from an attachment figure
Separation Anxiety Disorder
defined by symptoms such as persistent and excessive worry for the safety of an attachment figure, fears of getting lost or being kidnapped, nightmares with separation themes, and refusal to be alone
School Refusal (Phobia)
characterized by an extreme reluctance to go to school accompanied by symptoms of anxiety
Selective Mutism
involves consistent failure to speak in certain social situations while speech is unrestricted in other situations
Encopresis
inappropriately controlled defecation
Enuresis
inappropriately controlled urination
Bell and Pad
biofeedback device that awakens children by setting off an alarm as they begin to wet the bed at night
Reactive Attachment Disorder
characterized by withdrawn behavior among very young children around adult caregivers
lack of social responsiveness found among infants without a consistent attachment figure
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorders
reaction to neglect characterized by young children who are indiscriminate toward caregivers
no special attachment to anyone
Cluster Suicides
when one teen commits suicide, their peers are at increased risk
Anxious Attachments
infants who are fearful about exploration and are not easily comforted by their attachment figures who respond inadequately or inconsistently
Resilience
the ability to "bounce back" from adversity
how competent you are in facing risk
how you stand in the face of adversity
Competence
ability to adapt to certain demands
how skilled are you at meeting the demands
Emotion Regulation
the process of learning to identify, evaluate, and control your feelings
Role Reversal
where children come to care for a parent rather than vice versa
Alloparents
extra parental figures that provide care