The membrane of a nerve cell is comprised of
a. protein molecules. b. vesicle remnants. c. a double layer of lipid molecules.
d. cytoplasm. e. a single layer of lipid molecules interfaced with a layer of protein molecules.
c. a double layer of lipid molecule
Match up the internal cell structure with the function most closely associated with that structure:
a. nucleolus; production of cytoplasm
b. ribosomes; production of DNA (pg. 32)
c. lipid bilayer; production of ribosomes
d. nucleolus; production of riboso
D. nucleus;production of ribosomes
Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function?
a. mitochondria; extraction of energy
b. Golgi apparatus; extraction of energy
c. endoplasmic reticulum; breakdown of proteins
d. microtubules; transport of c
a.mitochondria; extraction of energy
Proteins are produced within the neuron cytoplasm by
a. mitochondria. b. ribosomes. c. lysosomes. d. the cytoskeleton. e. nucleoli.
b. ribosomes
Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves _______ along the _______ .
a. axoplasmic transport; myelin sheath
b. facilitated diffusion; exterior of the cell membrane
c. facilitated diffusion; neurofilaments
d. protein synthesis; micr
e. axoplasmic transport; microtubles
The function of a _______ in a giant squid physiology experiment is to _______.
a. microelectrode; inject potassium ions into the axon
b. voltmeter; stimulate the interior of the axon
c. microelectrode; compare the electric charge of the interior with tha
d. voltmeter
The interior of a neuron at rest
a. has the same ionic concentrations as the outside.
b. is at the same voltage potential as the outside.
c. has a higher sodium concentration than outside.
d. is negatively charged relative to the outside.
e. has a lower p
d. is negatively charged realtive to the outside
The _______ potential is defined as the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of an undisturbed axon membrane.
a. resting membrane
b. local
c. resting
d. action
e. axon
c. resting
A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -90 mV would be termed a(n)
a. depolarization. b. threshold potential. c. action potential. d. hyperpolarization.
d. hyperpolarization
A(n) _______ will be recorded from a nerve cell whose membrane potential rises above threshold.
a. action potential
b. local potential
c. downward shift of the threshold of excitation
d. upward shift of the membrane threshold
e. long-term change in the me
a.action potential
The _______ is the voltage level at which an action potential is triggered in a patch of axon membrane.
a. resting membrane potential
b. hyperpolarization event
c. threshold of excitation
d. rate level
e. refractory period
c. threshold of excitation
Movement of _______ ions _______ the axon would be induced by the force of diffusion.
a. chloride; out of b. sodium; into c. potassium; into
d. organic; into e. sodium; out of
b. sodium; into
Which of the following is true of ion distribution across the axon membrane?
a. Chloride ions are more concentrated inside the axon membrane.
b. Potassium ions are more concentrated outside the cell membrane.
c. The action potential is the balance point b
d. sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon membrane
As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters,
a. extracellular sodium concentrations are kept low.
b. intracellular sodium concentrations are kept very high.
c. extracellular potassium concentrations are kept very high.
d. intrace
d. intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low
In a well myelinated axon, ions can enter and leave the axonal membrane only at
a. the terminal buttons. b. the soma. c. the nodes of Ranvier.
d. the segment of membrane under the Schwann cell wrapping.
e. every point along the axonal membrane.
c. nodes of Ranvier
During an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
a. sodium enters the cell b. potassium enters the cell c. potassium leaves the cell
d. chloride enters the cell e. all of these
a. sodium enters the cell
________ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a key site of action.
a. Dissociation b. Sensitization c. Inactivation
d. Affinity e. Tolerance
d affinity
The ________ is a measure of the safety of a drug.
a. lethality score b. dose-response curve c. therapeutic index
d. pharmacokinetic profile e. pharmacodynamic profile
c. theraputic index
The primary organ that metabolizes drugs is the
a. liver. b. lung. c. mucosa. d. kidneys. e. skin.
a liver
The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the
a. liver. b. lung. c. mucosa. d. kidneys. e. skin.
a.liver
An increase in ________ for a drug would cause that drug to more rapidly reach the brain.
a. metabolism of the drug via the liver
b. lipid solubility
c. water solubility
d. depot binding of the drug in blood, bone and fat
e. kidney excretion
b. lipid solubility
The ________ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
a. intraperitoneal b. oral c. intravascular d. topical e. intracerebroventricular
e. intracerebroventricular
The excitatory effects of caffeine result from
a. the release of serotonin.
b. alteration of the flow of blood to the brain.
c. stimulation of GABA receptors.
d. activation of adenosine receptors
e. blockade of adenosine receptors
e. blockade of adenosine receptors
Which of the following is true of opioid effects in brain?
a. Heroin
is an example of an opioid receptor antagonist.
b. Opioids can induce euphoria and reward. Opioids act to increase pain.
d. Naloxone is an example of an opioid receptor
agonist. e. Opioi
b opioids can induce and reward
The term "opioid" refers to ________, while the term "opiates" refers to ________.
a. postsynaptic receptors; endogenous chemicals
b. exogenous drugs; endogenous chemicals
c. presynaptic receptors; postsynaptic
receptors
d. analgesic chemicals released fr
e. endogenous chemicals; exogenous drugs
Inactivation of glycine receptors would be expected to result in
a. rapid entry into REM sleep. b. muscle relaxation. c. increased GABA release.
d. psychotic hallucinations. e. convulsions.
e. convulsions
Which of the following is characteristic of glycine?
a. The glycine receptor controls a sodium channel.
b. Lockjaw (tetanus) is produced by an excess amount of glycine.
c. Glycine is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system.
e. the glycine receptor is ionotropic
The GABAA receptor is ________ and controls a ________ channel.
a. ionotropic; chloride b. ionotropic; potassium c. metabotropic; chloride
d. metabotropic; potassium e. ionotropic; sodium
a. ionotropic ; chloride
Alcohol withdrawal can lead to seizures because of the effect of alcohol on
a. blocking AMPA receptors. b. stimulating 5-HT receptors.
c. displacing magnesium
ions from the GABA receptors. d. blocking NMDA receptors.
e. blocking 5-HT receptors.
d. blocking NMDA receptors
The hallucinatory drug PCP (phencyclidine)
a. is an antagonist of the NMDA receptor.
b. facilitates the binding of glutamate to the AMPA receptor.
c. releases serotonin from neurons in the raphe nuclei.
d. inhibits the dendrites of dopamine neurons in the
a. is an antagonist of the NMDA receptor
Which of the following is a true of NMDA receptors?
a. Activation of the NMDA receptor allows sodium and calcium ions to flow into the nerve cell.
b. NMDA
receptors are metabotropic.
c. NMDA receptors are the most common glutamate receptor.
d. The activit
a. activation of the NMDA recptor allows sodium and calcium ions to flow into the nerve cell
Glutamate, GABA, and glycine are important because these are
a. the major excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS. b. known to be solely inhibitory in the brain.
c. the predominant neuromodulators in the spinal cord.
d. the most common neurotransmitters i
d. most common neurotransmitter in CNS
Which of the following is a reason that is it is difficult to prove that amino acids can function as
neurotransmitters?
a. Amino acids can be released from nerve terminals.
b. Postsynaptic receptor activation by application of amino acids can excite or in
d. Amino acids play a role in protien synthesis for all nerve cells
Drugs that block histamine receptors produce
a. Parkinsonism. b. delusions. c. drowsiness. d. REM sleep. e. arousal.
c. drowsiness
Cell bodies of serotonin neurons are located within the
a. substantia nigra. b. basal forebrain. c. ventral tegmental area. d. spinal cord. e. raphe nuclei.
e. raphe nuclei
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the
release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat
a. anorexia nervosa. b. depression. c. mania. d. psychosis. e. bipolar disorder.
b. depression
Serotonin is synthesized from
a. tyrosine. b. tyramine c. tryptophan d. blood platelets. e. glutamate.
c. tryptophan
Drugs that block MAO-A are ________ agonists, whereas MAO-B blockers are ________.
a. nicotinic receptor; muscarinic receptor antagonists b. glutamatinergic; glycine receptor agonists
c. dopamine; norepinephrine antagonists d. presynaptic; postsynaptic an
e. norepinphrine; dopamine agonist
Which of the pairs below are synonymous?
a. epinephrine and adrenaline
b. nicotine and glycine
c. noradrenaline and GABA
d. serotonin and drug abuse
e. glutamate and glycine
a. epinephrine and adrenaline
The final synthesis step for norepinephrine occurs in the ________ and requires the presence of ________.
a. vesicle; epinephrine and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH)
b. axon terminal; dopamine and DBH c. soma; dopamine
d. vesicle; dopamine and DBH e. soma
d. vesicle ; dopamine and DBH
Abnormal brain levels of dopamine are associated with
a. mania and bipolar disorder. b. schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
c. Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. d. Kl�ver-Bucy syndrome and Huntington's chorea.
e. mood disorder and depression.
b. schizophrenia and parkisons disease
Which of the following is true of dopamine receptors?
a. Dopamine receptors are metabotropic.
b. All dopamine receptors are ionotropic.
c. D1 receptors are located on the presynaptic membrane.
d. D2 receptors are only found on postsynaptic membranes.
e. C
a. dopamine receptors are metatropic
The ________ dopamine system plays a key role in the control of ________.
a. nigrostriatal; planning and problem solving b. mesolimbic; movement
c. mesocortical; movement d. mesospinal;
reinforcing effects of drugs such as cocaine
e. mesocortical; plannin
e. mescocortical; planning and problem solving
The neostriatum consists of the
a. putamen and the hippocampus. b. ventral tegmental area and the overlying pons.
c. cerebellum and the nucleus accumbens. d. caudate nucleus and the putamen.
e. amygdala and the hippocampus.
d. caudate nucleus and the putamen
Degeneration of neurons within the ________ dopamine system leads to Parkinson's disease.
a. nigrostriatal b. mesocortical c. hypothalamocortical
d. mesolimbic e. retinal-suprachiasmatic
a. nigrostriatal
Tyrosine is the precursor for the synthesis of
a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. glutamate. d. acetylcholine. e. glycine.
b. dopeamine
Which of the following is classified as an indolamine?
a. glycine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. acetylcholine e.
norepinephrine
b. serotonin
The amino acid ________ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine and norepinephrine.
a. tyrosine b. tryptophan c. norepinephrine d. DBH e. epinephrine
a. tyrosine
Curare is used in medical clinics to
a. tighten wrinkled skin. b. block pain reactivity during tooth extractions.
c. minimize muscle weakness in persons suffering from myasthenia gravis.
d. dilate the pupils of the eyes.
e. induce relaxation in muscles th
e. induce relaxation in muscles that are to be cut during a sugical procedure
Which pair below represents the receptor subtypes for acetylcholine?
a. cholinergic; adrenergic b. muscarinic; adrenergic c. alpha-cholinergic; beta-cholinergic
d. nicotinic; muscarinic e. beta-cholinergic; delta-cholinergic
d. nicotinic; muscarinic
The postsynaptic action of acetylcholine is terminated by
a. reuptake of choline into the presynaptic terminal. b. reuptake of acetylcholine into the presynaptic terminal.
c. enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase. d. diffusion away from the synap
c. enzymatic destruction via acetylcholinesterase
The disease process of myasthenia gravis produces muscle weakness by
a. overproducing ACh
receptors on muscles. b. reducing ACh function in the basal forebrain.
c. reducing the number of ACh receptors on muscles. d. reducing ACh function in the dorsolater
c. reducing the number of ACh receptors on muscles
An ionotropic cholinergic receptor produces a postsynaptic potential that is
a. slow to develop but short in duration.
b. rapid but of long duration.
c. not related to the opening of an ion channel.
d. rapid and short in duration.
e. slow to develop and l
d. rapid and short in duration
In the anecdote on cholinergic toxicity, Mr. F. contracted botulism by
a. tasting the liquid from a spoiled jar of asparagus. b. using eye drops containing atropine.
c. being bitten by a black widow spider. d. eating mayonnaise on a hot dog.
e. over-exerc
a. tasting the liqiud from a spoiled jar of asparagus
Which pair of drugs below is known to facilitate and inhibit (respectively) the release of acetylcholine?
a. fluoxetine ; nicotine
b. botulinum toxin; muscarine
c. botulinum toxin; black widow spider venom
d. black widow spider venom; botulinum toxin
e. b
d. black widow ; botulinum toxin
Activation of the ________ has been related to the control of REM sleep.
a. dorsolateral pons ACh system b. hypothalamocortical ACh system
c. basal forebrain ACh system d. medial septal ACh system
e. motor neuron ACh system
a. dorsolateral pons
Damage to the ________ cholinergic system would be expected to impair learning.
a. dorsolateral pons b. hypothalamocortical c. basal forebrain
d. medial septal e. corticospinal
c. basal forebrain
Acetylcholine is produced when ________ accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to a choline molecule.
a. acetylcholinesterase b. coenzyme A c. muscarine transferase
d. choline acetyltransferase e. nicotine synthase
d. choline acety
Match up the cholinergic fiber system with the correct role of that system in the control of behavior:
a. Most CNS circuits that use ACh are inhibitory for learning.
b. Cholinergic neurons in the dorsolateral pons are involved in the control of the electr
c. cholingeric neurons i the medical spetum
________ is the primary neurotransmitter secreted by motor axons of the CNS.
a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Acetylcholine d. Serotonin e. GABA
c. Acetylochlone
Which pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?
a. glutamate; acetylcholine b. GABA; glycine c. glycine; acetylcholine
d. glutamate; GABA e. acetylcholine; dopamine
d. glutamate;GABA
Which of the following is an incorrect match between a neurotransmitter and its effects?
a. glutamate ; generally excitatory in the brain
b. acetylcholine ; activates the cortex and facilitates learning
c. glycine ; generally inhibitory in the brain
d. gl
d. glutamate; released by all sensory neurons
The two most commonly used synaptic neurotransmitters in the brain are
a. glycine; acetylcholine b. GABA; glycine c. glutamate; GABA
d. glutamate; acetylcholine e. acetylcholine; dopamine
c. glutamate; GABA
Inactivation
of a transporter in the presynaptic membrane would be expected to
a. increase the levels of the transmitter in the synapse. b. increase synthesis of the transmitter.
c. increase reuptake of the transmitter. d. provide negative feedback on syn
a. increase the levels of the transmitter in the synapse
A drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor, but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)
a. direct agonist. b. ligand. c. direct synergist. d. direct antagonist. e. indirect antagonist
d. direct antagonist
We would classify a drug as a(n) ________ if that drug acted to block the capacity of vesicles to be filled with neurotransmitter molecules.
a. agonist b. facilitator c. antagonist d. autoreceptor agonist e. indirect agonist
e. indirect agonist
Activation of a presynaptic autoreceptor on dendrites can produce a hyperpolarization that
a. releases more
transmitter. b. increases synthesis of transmitter. c. increases reuptake of the transmitter.
d. reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon f
d. reduces transmitter release by reducing the axon firing rate
A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor most likely
a. will induce the presynaptic cell to refire.
b. alters the uptake of the neurotransmitter into the axon terminal.
c. blocks the opening of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.
d. increases
d. increase the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
A drug that activates a presynaptic autoreceptor will usually
a. reduce the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
b. alter the uptake of the neurotransmitter into the axon terminal.
c. block the opening of ion channels in the postsynapti
a. reduce the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal
Administering a molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected
to
a. reduce the availability of that neurotransmitter.
b. increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter.
c. alter the nu
b. increase the rate of synthesis
Drugs that facilitate the postsynaptic receptor effects are termed
a. agonists. b. ligands. c. synergists. d. antagonists e. pheromones.
a. agonist
A(n) ________ is a drug that blocks or inhibits postsynaptic receptor effects.
a. protagonist b. ligand c. synergist d. antagonist e. agonist
d. agonist
An example of a withdrawal symptom for a heroin addict would be
a. eating. b. constipation. c. euphoria. d. dysphoria. e. craving for alcohol.
d. dysphoria
Which of the following is true of drug sensitization?
a. Drug sensitization involves a progressive decrease in behavioral actions of a drug over time.
b. Drug sensitization is more common than is drug tolerance.
c. Drug sensitization is less common than i
c. drug sensitization is less common
Which of the following drugs has the largest therapeutic index?
a. heroin b. Valium c. alcohol d. barbiturates e. a mixture of barbiturates and alcohol
b. Valium
One mechanism for the tolerance produced by repeated drug administration is a(n)
a. decreased metabolism of the drug. b. increased plasma level of the drug.
c. increased number of receptors in the brain. d. reduced number of receptors for the drug.
e. inc
d. reduced number of receptors for the drug
The term ________ refers to a state of anxious misery, often produced by withdrawal from certain drugs of abuse.
a. euphoria b. dysphoria c. depression d. mania e. sensitization
b. dysphoria
Which of the following is true of the therapeutic index?
a. The index is a ratio between LD75 and ED75 values.
b. More caution is required for a drug with a low therapeutic index.
c. More caution is required for a drug with a high therapeutic index.
d. Le
b. more caution is required for a drug w/ a low theraputic index
During IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
a. sodium enters the cell b. potassium enters the cell
c. calcium leaves the cell
d. chloride enters the cell
e. none
c. chlodride enters cell
The interior of a neuron at rest
a. has the same ionic concentrations as the outside.
b. is at the same voltage potential as the outside.
c. has a higher sodium concentration than outside.
d. is negatively charged relative to the outside.
e. has a lower p
d. negatively charged relative to the outside
What ion plays the most essential role in releasing a transmitter into the synapse?
a. chloride b. sodium c. glutamate d. calcium
d.calcium
Large synaptic vesicles are produced in the ____ and are transported to the _____
a. cytoplasm; dendrites b. soma; terminal buttons
c. dendrites; synapse d. Nucleus; vesicles
b soma terminal
An influx of chloride into the neuron would
a. make the threshold for firing lower b. Open potassium channels c. have no effect d. Make the resting potential more negative e. increase firing rate.
d. resting potential more negative
The contents of a synaptic vesicle include:
a) neurotransmitters. b) structural proteins. c) DNA. d) all of these.
a)neurotransmitters
The catecholamines (NE,DA, and E) are synthesized from which amino acid?
A. Leucine B. Valine C. Trypldothan D. Tyrosine
d. tyrosine
The cell bodies of neurons that release serotonin are located in the
A. Raphe B. Locus Coeruleus C. Nucleus of Meynert D. Ventral tegental area E. Substantia Nigra
A. Raphe
Drugs of reward generally act to release ____ in the ____
A. serotonin; cortex B. dopamine;nucleus accumbens C. norepeinephrine in the prefrontal cortex
D. none of the above
b. dopamine
Ionotropic receptors:
A) change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them. B) have no openings for ion diffusion.
C) activate second messenger systems. D) are more metabolically expensive than
metabotropic receptor
a) change shaoe when bind
A neuron's own transmitters, detected by its presynaptic autoreceptors,
A. initiates changes in the local membrane potential
B. open the gates of neurotransmitter dependent ion channels
C. facilitates the synthesis of other transmitters
D. inhibits the re
d. inhibits release or synthesis of transmitter
A second messenger system can:
a) alter ion flow through the membrane channels.
b)cause a series of reactions that result in the formation of new membrane ion channels.
c) initiate the production of new proteins. d) all of the above. E) a and c.
e) a and c
Which two neurotransmitters are synthesized from the same precursor molecule?
A) glycine and dopamine B) glutamate and GABA
C) histamine and serotonin D) acetylcholine and glycine
B) glutamate and GABA
The first demonstration that neurons communicated via chemical means was by
A. Ramon Y Cajal B. Sir Charles Sherrington
C. Francis Crick D. Otto Loewi E. None of the above
D. Otto Loewi
Adrenalin refers to
A. A transmitter released from the adrenal gland B. Norepinephrine C. Acetylcholine
D. Any neurotransmitter E. a & b
E. A &b
Morphine inhibits pain awareness by
A. inhibiting chloride release B. Inhibiting calcium influx C. Blocking MAO actions D. causing depolarization
c) blocks MAO
Nitric oxide is involved in which drug action
A. morphine B. insulin C. Viagra D. Novacaine
C Viagra
_____ is the transmitter that slows heart rate and activates skeletal muscles.
A. Norepinephrine B. GABA C. Dopamine
D. Acetylcholine E. Serotonin
D. Acetylcholine
Opioid peptides include which of the following?
A. Enkephalins B. Vasopressin C. Glycine
D. All of the above E. A&C only
A. Enkephalins
Which mechanism related to the stimulation of an action potential doesn't belong?
A. Chloride channels open B. Calcium Influx
C. Depolarization D. Potassium channels open
A. Chloride channels open
Cholinergic refers to which transmitter?
A. Acetylcholine B. Adrenaline C. Choline D. GABA
A. acetylocholine
Which of the following is/are monoamines?
A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Norepinephrine D. All of the above
D. all of the above
Serotonin is synthesized from ________ which is derived from ________.
A)tyrosine; cheese or milk B)glutamate; oat brain C)tyramine; Guinness beer
D)tryptophan; ingested nutrients E)MAO; blood platelets 6
D) tryptophan; ingested
Which of the following is true of opioid neurons?
A)Naloxone is an example of an opioid receptor antagonist.
B)Heroin is an example of an opioid receptor agonist.
C)Opioids act to reduce pain.
D)Opioids can induce euphoria and reward.
E)All of the above a
E) all of the above
Nitric oxide
A)is produced from the amino acid arginine. B)dilates blood vessels in metabolically active brain regions.
C)acts as a messenger between neurons. D)stimulates changes in blood vessels that pRoduce PENILE erections.
E)All of the above are corr
E) all of the above
Activation of cannabinoid receptors by THC
A)reduces nausea and vomiting. B)results in analgesia.
C)can be induced by ingestion of THC. D) stimulates appetite.
E)All of the above are correct.
E) all of the above
Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat
A)anxiety. B)obsessive-compulsive disorder. C)depression.
D)obesity. E)All of the above are correct.
E) all of the above
Match the following
a)alcohol _e_ inhibits DA reuptake
b)amphetamine _c_ a serotonin agonist
c)LSD __b_ releases DA into the synapse
d)valium __A_ disrupts the organization of the cell membrane
e)ritalin __D_ increases influx of chloride
...
Peak blood levels of cocaine ...e 75 ng/ml, 60 minutes later they were 62.5 ng/ml. and 120 minutes later they were 50 ng/ml. The half-life ___
a)can't be determined b)is 30 minutes c)is 60 minutes
d)is 90 minutes e)is 120 minutes
e) 120 min
The first generation of antidepressants developed acted
a)to inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase b)to stimulate norepinephrine release
c)to block reuptake of serotonin d)to release dopamine
A) inhibit monoamine ox
The GABA-A receptor has separate and distinct sites on the receptor molecule that can bind which of the
following
a)alcohol and amphetamine b)angel dust and ecstasy c)valium and alcohol
d)marijuana and barbiturates e)LSD and ecstasy
c) valium and alcohol