Stigma
Negative Labeling
Properties of Abnormality
Suffering
Maladapativeness
Irrationality and Incomprehensibility
Unpredictability and loss of control
Vividness and Unconventionality
Violation of moral and ideal standards
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
It acts to classify mental health problems, according to symptoms and guidelines for assigning individuals to categories. It is used by psychiatrists and psychologist to diagnose and treat patients
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
Failures in Living
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Maladaptive Behavior
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Vulnerability in the Person
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Inability to cope
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Exceptional Environmental Stress
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Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, such as thunderstorms and earthquakes, have discrete spirit and concious life. Early in psychology these spritis were to blame for instances of mental instability.
Trephining
the drilling of a hole in the skull, presumably as a way of treating psychological disorders during prehistoric times. It was believed that this allowed the evil spirit to escape from the brain.
Exorcism
Religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.
Ostracism
the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent). Often because of mental of physical disorders.
Hippocrates
Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today.
Melancholia- Basically depression, caused by
Galen
The ideas of this 2nd century AD Greek physician and surgeon were the basis for much medical thought prior to the Scientific Revolution -- He based much of his thought on the dissection of pigs and monkeys, and endorsed the idea that physical and mental a
Witches
connected to activities of devil,increased trials and executions in 16th+17th centuries,confessed to practices like allegiance to devil,nocturnal gathering,evil incantations, and special ointments after torture, hysteria declined after religious wars star
Asylum
an institution for the maintenance and care of the mentally ill, orphans, or other persons requiring specialized assistance.
Animalism
the doctrine that human beings are purely animal in nature and lacking a spiritual nature
Moral Treatment
Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
Pinel
noted for efforts to classify institutionalized individuals accurately & bring human treatment to institutionalized mentally ill/retarded -- thought mental illness was like a disease
Tuke
1. an influential quaker teach merchant from england 2. established a mental asylum in NY in 1792 3. advocated that mental patients be treated as guests with kindness and respect 4. used his methods at "retreat" that housed 30 patients without chains
Benjamin Rush
father of American Psychology, guided mental institutions stateside towards a more humane direction. also used bleeding, ice baths, tranquilizer chair.
Dix
- crusader for prisoners and mentally ill in 1800s
- documented deplorable conditions of prisons and mental hospitals
- urged improvement of institutions
- established many new, public hospitals
- staffed with physicians (but many more interested in biolo
Mental Hygiene Movement
Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.
Clifford Beers
Wrote A Mind That Found Itself, which was his account of his own mental illness as he attempted to submerge himself into the depths of abnormality and emerge learning the process of curing.Found National Committee for Mental Hygiene.
Somatogenic Perspective
The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes.
General paresis/syphilis
Establishing link between brain and mental disorders; Richard von Krafft-Ebbing discovered scientifically the link between the two
-Enabled treatment options like malaria fever
Psychogenic Perspective
the view that chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
Psychogenic Perspective
The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological.
F. Mesmer
From whom comes "mesmerism". Austrian physician who created a stir in Paris by arranging seances where people were touched by a wand or sat in tubs to receive "animal magnetism" in the hope of curing ills. Was an early stage in the discovery of hypnosis.
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 290)
Charcot
French psychiatrist who performed hypnosis on conversion symptom patients and found that he could remove or create these symptoms, indicating that these were not physical disorders but were somehow mediated psychologically.
Freud
Psychologist who developed psychoanalysis, a method of probing the unconscious mind, frequently by analyzing dreams. He believed that humans were driven by unconscious pleasure-seeking forces.
Breuer
physician who became Freud's close friend and coauthored Studies on Hysteria (1895); this man was the first to use the "talking cure" while treating hysteria, which later evolved into Freud's technique of free association
Mind/Body
Fundamental psychological issue that considers whether mind and body are separate and distinct or whether the mind is simply the subjective experience of the physical brain
Psychiatrist
a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication
Clinical Psychologist
psychologist who treats people serious psychological problems or conducts research into the causes of behavior
Psychoanalyst
either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis
Psychiatric Social Worker
a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Nurse practitioners specializing in the care of people with mental health problems
Deinstitutionalization
policy of treating individuals with severe disorders in the larger community or in a small residential center (halfway house) rather than large wards in a public hospital; Problems include poorly funded community centers or no centers, poor preparation du
Case Study
a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view
Advantages-very detailed
Disadvantages- cannot be replicated, not reliable, does not indicate anything on a larger scale
Little Hans
Phobia of horses - little boy - Freud got his dad to the boy and tell him what he said, was trying to see the cause of the phobia.
Freud thought it was because of the phallic stage - boy jealous of father's masculinity.
Hans witnessed a horse and a cart t
Genain Sisters
Quadruplets all with schizophrenia
Correlational Research
research technique based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables
Correlation Coefficient
a statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary from -1 to +1
Experimental Research
studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)
Biomedical Model
disease results from a specific, identifiable cause originating inside the body. A model of health that views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause originating inside the body.
Syndrome
a group of symptoms or signs that collectively characterize or indicate a disease, disorder, abnormality, etc.
etiology
study of the cause of disease
Somatic Nervous System
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System
the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
Sympathetic Nervous System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
GABA. Inhibitory. Modulates other neurotransmitter systems. Drugs that increase GABA are used to treat anxiety and induce sleep.
Cortisol
secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels and suppressing immune system function
Twin Studies
studies of identical and fraternal twins to determine the relative influence of heredity and environment on human behavior
Adoption Studies
research carried out on children, adopted at birth by parents not related to them, to determine the relative influence of heredity and environment on human behavior
Propanediols
group of minor tranquilizers; include miltown
Bensodiazepines
reduce anxiety by enhancing the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA on its receptor;also promote anticonvulsant activity and skeletal muscle relaxation
Tricyclics
class of antidepressant drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain by interfering with the reuptake of these chemicals by transmitting neurons
MAO Inhibitors
Behavioral stimulants that reduce depression by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called MAO, which normally breaks down and deactivates norepinephrine and serotonin.
SSRI
an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain
Lithium Carbonate
a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder
Tardive Dyskinesia
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors
Psychodynamic Model
model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and that holds that many of these childhood-based anxieties operate unconsciously
Conscious
part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness
Preconscious
descriptive of information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
Id
the part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material
Ego
The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring plea
Super Ego
Freud; "moral watchdog"; governs behavior by reality and morality, often taught by parents, church and/or community; standards develop through interaction; conscience; ego ideal
drive model
any psychological model, particularly evident in early forms of psychoanalysis, in which the psyche and body are imagined as a hydraulic system in which various "drives" or "currents" being are constantly being directed, repressed, displaced, and sublimat
reaction formation
(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them
sublimation
(psychology) modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct (especially a sexual one) to one that is socially acceptable
identification
attribution to yourself (consciously or unconsciously) of the characteristics of another person (or group of persons)
Transference
(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another
manifest content
According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
latent content
(psychoanalysis) hidden meaning of a fantasy or dream
Behavioral Model
All human emotions and behaviors are the result of reactions to external factors in our environment. All behavior is learned, based on the response that a person received from their environment. Mental disorders represent dysfunctional response patterns t
Classical Conditioning
conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex
stimulus generalization
Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination
a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
Little Albert
The little boy who was conditioned by John Watson and Rosalie Raynor to be afraid of a white rat. Watson and Raynor used classical conditioning to pair the rat with a loud noise, until Little Albert began to exhibit fear in response to the rat.
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Thorndike
developed the law of effect, where rewards determine behavior being repeated, also believed intelligence to be determined as specific
B.F. Skinner
pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and ra
Bandura
behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using "Bobo" doll; studied observational learning
implosion
A behavioral modification technique used to treat anxiety disorders by forcing the client to imagine the feared object.
flooding
behavioral therapy used to rid someone of fears through classical conditioning - forced extinction. A person afraid of snakes may be exposed to a fear provoking but harmless situation until they get over their fear.
Systematic Desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias
Token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
assertiveness training
Techniques that train people how to be appropriately assertive in social situations; often included as part of health behavior modification programs, on the assumption that some poor health habits, such as excessive alcohol consumption or smoking, develop
Cognitive Model
View that psychological disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving
Albert Ellis
pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
Aaron Beck
cognitive therapy; problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking; therapy to reformulating illogical cognitions rather than searching for a life-stress cause; Beck Depression Inventory
ABC Sequence
activating event, belief system, consequence
Humanistic Model
People are, generally, healthy and ultimately have the power to heal themselves emotionally. Problems arise when people are not honest about their current situation and have unrealistic life goals. Stress results from a perceived disconnect between the id
Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence
Existential Model
this model views abnormality as an unresolved conflict or inability to accept certain aspects of reality
Unconditional Positive Regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Gestalt Therapy
An existentialist approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them
Existential Therapy
a form of therapy designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and face the great questions of life, such as death, freedom, alienation, and loneliness
Sociocultural model
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures
Naturalistic Observations
observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Nosology
Classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena.
Subjective Reactions
Beliefs and Judgements about certain language use. "I don't like when people say X...
Overt Behaviors
actions that other people can directly see or hear: in a sense they are public behaviors. Ex: eating, walking, talking, kissing, driving a car
General Anxiety Disorder
most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic, excessive and uncontrollable worry about everyday problems that affect the ability to relax or concentrate but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment; physical symptoms inc
Panic Disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
Obsession
An irrational preoccupation with an idea or feeling that usually results in severe anxiety
Compulsion
an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions against your will
acute stress disorder
a reaction sometimes observed in individuals who have experienced a trauma, characterized by flashbacks and recurrent nightmares.
PTSD
an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images
Type A personality
Personality characterized by (1) a strong competitive orientation, (2) impatience and time urgency, and (3) anger and hostility.
Type B Personality
Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior