Comorbidity
Have more than one disorder/diagnosis at a given time.
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Sheering of the white matter tracks within the brain, causing the individual's mood and/or behavior to change. (Didn't really help patients or cure them.)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The body is shocked into convulsions. It is usually done with patients who are severely depressed. It can be highly effective, but it is more of a "last resort.
3 Ds
Deviation, Distress, Disorder
Bizarre
Suggests behavior that differs extremely from socially accepted norms. It connotes inadequate coping patterns and disintegration of behavioral patterns.
Powerlessness
Essentially take away sense of self and power. (i.e. No contact with staff, no freedom of movement, no privacy.)
Token Economy
Earn "tokens" for good and or improving behavior.
Psychoanalytic Techniques
free association" - having the person say whatever comes to mind, without censorship; Analysis of dreams; Analysis of feelings client develops toward the therapist; Attempts to develop insight into the sources of the anxiety and depression.
Theories of Abnormality
Genes [Genetic predisposition], Childhood [Up bringing], Environment, and Chemical Imbalances.
Approaches
Biological [Genetic Vulnerability, Predisposition], Psychological [Belief systems, Childhood experiences], Social [Interpersonal relationships and the social environment.]
Vulnerability-Stress Model
Vulnerability + Stress = Disorder [Genetic Predisposition]; The vulnerability may already be present within yourself. Biological [Genes, Disordered Biochem, Anomalies]; Psychological [Unconscious Conflicts, Maladaptive Cognitions]; Social [Maladaptive Upb
Feedback Loop
Biological -> Psychological -> Social -> Back to Biological; Full loop that is continuous.
Biochemical Causes
Imbalance in the levels of NTs, or hormones, or poor functioning of receptors cause mental disorders
Genetic Factors
Disordered genese lead to mental disorders.
Structural Brain Abnormalities
Abnormalities in the structure of the brain cause mental disorders. [3 Key Areas: Cerebral Cortex, Hypothalamus (Sensory Relay) and Limbic System (Emotional Processor)]
Psychoanalysis
Uncover, or resolve, unconscious conflicts that lead to psychopathology.
Defense Mechanisms
Repression and Neurotic Paradox
Psychosexual Stages
Oral [0-18 months], Anal [18 months - 3 years], Phallic [3 years to 6 years], Latent [6 years - puberty], Genital [Puberty - adulthood]
Object Relations
Early relationships create "images" or representations of ourselves and others. This idea affects future relationships.
Assessment of Psychodynamic Theories
Too much emphasis on sexual drive; Excludes environment and culture as influences on personality; Difficult to test assumptions; Personality is fixed in childhood.
Behavioral Theories
Rejection of unconscious role; Conditioning.
Cognitive Theories
Thoughts and beliefs shape our behaviors. Various types of cognition [Casual attributions, Control Theory, Global Assumptions.]
Humanistic / Existential
Focus on the person 'behind' the cognitions, behaviors, and unconscious conflicts; Belief that humans have a capacity for goodness and a full life (self-actualization).
Interpersonal Theories
Mental disorders are a result of longstanding patterns of negative relationships that have roots in early caregivers.
Family System Theories
Families create and maintain mental disorders in individual family members to maintain homeostasis.
Social Structure Theory
Societies create mental disorders in individuals by putting them under unbearable stress and by sanctioning abnormal behavior.
Antipsychotics (Bio Treatments: Drugs)
Reduce symptoms of psychosis. Also calm the dopamine system. [Ex. Thorazine, Claril, Hadol)
Antidepressants (Bio Treatments: Drugs)
Reduce symptoms of depression. Acts on the levels of serotonin. (Usually raises the 5HT levels) [Ex. Parnate, Elavil, Prozac]
MAOIs
1st depression drugs released; They aren't used so much anymore.
SSRIs
Slows down the reuptake process, and doesn't produce as many side-effects like MAOIs.
Lithium / Mood Stabilizers
Reduce symptoms of mania, and work mainly with those with Bipolar disorder.
Anti-anxiety
Reduce symptoms of anxiety, feedback loop, and central nervous depressants.
Alt. to Drug Therapies
ECT [Effects depression, Use of electrical currents induce a brain seizure (70 - 150 Volts), and typically 1 minute.]; Psychosurgery [Destroy small areas of the brain thought to be involved in symptoms. i.e. Prefrontal Lobotomy]
rTMS [Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation]
Repeated, highly-intensity magnetic pulses focused on specific brain structures. [Treats depression, targets left prefrontal cortex, patients can easily stay awake, places of the brain are activated or deactivated, magnetic stimulation, allows possible re
Psychotherapy
Used alone or with/in conjunction with drug therapies. Several types [Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Behavior, Cognitive]. Goal is to uncover, resolve unconscious conflicts and motives, recognize maladaptive ways of coping, ingrate parts, and understand your
Humanistic
Clients discover their potential through self-exploration; Person-centered theory.
Behavior Therapies
The goal is to identify the reinforcements and punishments that contribute to maladaptive behavior. [Extinguish unwanted behaviors and learn desirable behaviors.]
Cognitive Therapies
Get the client to face their worst fears about a situation and recognize the ways to cope. Techniques include challenge idiosyncratic message, reattribution, examining options and alternatives, decatastrophizing and scaling.
Psych and Neuro Factors
Physical Conditions; Substance Abuse; Maladaptive Cognitions
Sociocultral Factors
Social Resources [Friends and Family]; Sociocultural Background [Status, etc.]; Acculturation [The extent of identifying with a group of origin vs. the mainstream.]
Mood Disorders
Also called affective disorders, characterized by discrete periods of time where behavior is dominated by depressed or manic mood.
Normal Depression
Characterized by brief period of sadness, grief, or dejection in which disruption of normal functioning is minimal.
Endogenous Factors
Gene predisposition; Family health background. [INTERNAL FACTORS]
Exogenous Factors
External Factors; Death of close family member, job loss, lack of emotional or financial resources, etc
Common Symptoms of Mood Disorders
Dysphoria, loss of concentration, Depression, Mania, apathy, fatigue, hyper or insomnia, suicidal ideation, and anhedonia.
Manic Moods
Elated, expansive, or irritable moods, inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep, increased activity and productive with little sleep.
Euthymia
Normal mood (Remember graph with the evenly distributed line/ "swiggly" line)
Depressed Mood
Sadness, anhedonia, low energy, feeling worthless.
Suicide
In addition to being depressed, suicidal people are likely to show feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, a lose of sense of continuity with the past and or present, and a lose of pleasure in typical interests and pursuits.
Types of Suicide
Realistic, Altruistic, Inadvertent, Spite, Bizarre, Anomic, Negative-Self, and Perfectionist.
Unipolar
MDD and Dysthymia
MDD
Major Depressive Disorder; Symptoms include depressed mood, irritability, weight loss or gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, worthless feeling and or guilt, fatigue, lack of concentration, recurrent suicidal ideation.
Dysthymia
Similar to MDD, but less severe and lasts longer. (2 years). Symptoms include weight loss or gain without dieting, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, low self-esteem, diminished concentration, hopelessness, and no MDD during a 2 year period.
Mania
Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week.
Bipolar
Overall symptoms include inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep without feeling tired, talkative and or pressure to keep talking, flight of ideas or feeling that thoughts are racing, increased distractibility, increase in goal-direc
Hypomania
Similar to mania, but an overall shorter duration and intensity.
Bipolar I
MDD is likely, Mania is more prevalent, and the onset tends to be late teens, but can also begin in children.
Bipolar II
MDD is required for this diagnosis, and the major difference is the presence of hypomania.