Mixed episode
a condition in which a person is characterized by symptoms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
class of antidepressant drugs sometimes used for treating depression
Mood congruent
delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with a person's mood
Mood disorders
disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive
Negative cognitive triad
negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future
Pessimistic attributional style
cognitive style involving a tendency to make internal, stable and global attributions for negative life events
Rapid cycling
a pattern of bipolar disorder involving at least four manic or depressive episodes per year
Rumination
refers to the process of going over and over in ones mind or going over a thought repeatedly time and again
Specifiers
different patterns of symptoms that sometimes characterize major depressive episodes which may help predict the course and preferred treatments for the condition
Tricyclic antidepressants
medications used to treat depression and sometimes anxiety disorders that are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse
Unipolar depressive disorder
mood disorder in which a person experiences only depressive episodes
Attributions
process of assigning causes to things that happen
Behavioral activation treatment
treatment for depression in which the patient and the therapist work together to help find ways to become more active and engaged with life
Bipolar disorder
mood disorder in which a person experiences both depressive and manic episodes
Bipolar disorder I
a form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both manic (or mixed) episodes and major depressive episodes
Bipolar disorder II
a form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes
Chronic major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a major depressive episodes does not remit over a two year period
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
therapy based on altering dysfunctional thoughts and cognitive distortions
Cyclothymic disorder
mild mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms
Depression
emotional state characterized by extraordinary sadness and dejection
Depressogenic schemas
dysfunctional beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive and that are thought to leave one susceptible to depression when experiencing stress
Double depression
this condition is diagnosed when a person with dysthymia has a superimposed major depressive episode
Dysfunctional disorder
primarily secondary to muscle weakness or tension
Dysthmic disorder
moderately severe mood disorder characterized by a persistently depressed mood most of the day for more days than not for at least 2 years. Additional symptoms may include poor appetite; sleep disturbance, lack of energy, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating and feelings of hopelessness.
Electroconclusive therapy (ECT)
use of electricity to produce convulsions and unconsciousness; a treatment used primarily to alleviate depressive and manic episodes; shock therapy
Hypomania
a mild form of mania
Hypomanic episode
a condition lasting at least 4 days in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive or elevated mood. At least 3 out of 7 other designated symptoms similar to those in a manic episode must also be present but to a lesser degree than in mania
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
a time-limited psychotherapy approach that focuses on there interpersonal context and on building interpersonal skills
Major depressive disorder
moderate to severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic or mixed episodes
Major depressive episode
a mental condition in which a person must by markedly depressed for most of every day for most days for at least 2 weeks. Also a total of at least 5 out of 9 designated symptoms must also be present during the same time period
With atypical features
includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by marked mood reactivity, as well as at least 2 out of 4 other designated symptoms
With catatonic features
characterized by severe disturbances in motor function
With melancholic features
includes marked symptoms of loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities plus at least 3 of 6 other designated symptoms
Mania
emotional state characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria
Manic episode
a condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric or expansive mood often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence that lasts for at least 1 week. Also at least 3 out of 7 other designated symptoms must also occur