Substance Use
The low to moderate experience with a substance that does not produce problems with social, educational, or occupational functioning
Substance Intoxication
The acute effects of substance use
Tolerance
The diminished response to a drug after repeated exposure to it
Withdrawal
A set of symptoms associated with physical dependence on a drug that occur when the drug is no longer taken
Caffeine
A central nervous system stimulant that boosts energy, mood, awareness, concentration, and wakefulness
Nicotine
A highly addictive component of tobacco that is considered to be both a stimulant and a sedative
Delirium Tremens
A symptom characterized by disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever, which can last up to 3 to 4 days after stopping drinking
Alcohol Cirrhosis
A liver disease that occurs in about 10 to 15% of people with alcoholism
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
A condition caused by deficiencies in thiamine secondary to alcohol dependence
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A condition is babies that occurs when pregnant mothers drink alcohol and it passes through the placenta and harms the developing fetus; it is the leading know preventable environmental cause of intellectual disability
Marijuana
A drug derived from the Cannabis sativa plant that produces mild intoxication
Tetrahydrocannabinol
The active ingredient in marijuana
Amphetamines
A group of stimulant drugs that prolong wakefulness and suppress appetite
Ecstasy
The pill form of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common "club" drug and a frequent trigger for emergency room visits
Crystal Methamphetamine
A form of methamphetamine that produces longer lasting and more intense physiological reactions than the powered form
Cocaine
A stimulant that comes from the leaves of the coca plant that is indigenous to South America
Sedative Drugs
A substance group including barbiturates and benzodiazepines, which are central nervous system depressants and cause sedation and decrease anxiety
Barbiturates
Sedatives that act on the GABA system in a manner similar to alcohol
Benzodiazepines
A group of sedatives that can be used responsibly and effectively for the short term but still have addictive properties
Opioids
A drug group derived from the opium poppy, which includes heroin, morphine, and codeine
Hallucinogens
Drugs that produce altered states of bodily perception and sensations, intense emotions, detachment from self and environment, and, for some users, feeling of insight with mystical or religious significance
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
A synthetic hallucinogen, first synthesized in 1938
Inhalants
The vapors from a variety of chemicals that yield an immediate effect of euphoria or sedation and can cause permanent damage to all organ systems including the brain
Relapse Prevention
The treatment approach that uses functional analysis to identify the antecedents and consequences of drug use and then develops alternative cognitive and behavioral skills to reduce the risk of further drug use
Abstinence Violation Effect
The core feature of relapse prevention, which focuses on a person's cognitive and affective responses to re-engaging in a prohibited behavior
Transtheoretical Model
A five-stage sequential model of behavioral change
Aversion Therapy
A treatment approach that repeatedly pairs drug or alcohol use with an aversive stimulus or images
Contingency Management Approaches
A treatment approach in which rewards are provided for treatment compliance
Detoxification
A medically supervised drug withdrawal
Agonist Substitution
A type of therapy that substitutes a chemically similar medication for the drug of abuse
Methadone
The most widely known agonist substitute; used as a replacement for heroin
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)
A safe and effective therapy used as part of a comprehensive smoking cessation program
Antabuse
An aversive medication that pairs the ingestion of a drug with a noxious physical reaction
A substance use disorder is a cluster of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms which indicate that the individual continues to use the substance despite significant problems due to use
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Substance-induced disorders include intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance/medication induced mental disorders
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Caffeine, a CNS stimulant, is the most widely used drug in the world. Some people develop tolerance and have difficulties with withdrawal; caffeine intoxication is rare but possible
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Nicotine is highly addictive and is considered to be both a stimulant and a sedative. It produces its effects via the release of dopamine in the brain
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Alcohol is a CNS depressant that affects GABA receptors in the brain. Extensive alcohol use can lead to serious withdrawal symptoms, such as delirium tremens or DTs, and prolonged abuse can be associated with serious consequences, such as Wernicke-Korsako
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Marijuana is derived from the Cannabis sativa plant; its active ingredient is THC; cannabinoid receptors in the brain influence pleasure, learning and memory, higher cognitive functions, sensory perceptions, and motor coordination
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CNS stimulants including cocaine and methamphetamine prolong wakefulness and suppress appetite. They also influence dopamine levels and produce dangerous elevations in blood pressure and heart rate and cardiovascular abnormalities, potentially leading to
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Sedative drugs include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are central nervous system depressants that cause sedation and decrease anxiety
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Hallucinogens include mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin (mushrooms). They produce altered states of bodily perception and sensations, intense emotions, detachment from self and the environment, and, for some users, feelings of insight with mystical or religi
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Inhalants, which are inhalable vapors from a variety of chemicals, yield an immediate effect of euphoria or sedation and can cause permanent damage to all organ systems including the brain
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Genetic factors contribute to alcohol and drug use disorders although the specific way in which genes influence substance abuse remains unknown
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Most drugs of abuse either directly or indirectly stimulate the "reward center" of the brain, located in the ventral segmental area
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Although dopamine is often highlighted as the neurotransmitter involved with pleasure or reward, the serotonergic, GABA, and opioid system are also involved in the experience of reward associated with drug use
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Euphoria, excitement, relaxation, and feelings of intimacy are all part of the positive reinforcement that may be experienced when using illicit drugs
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Cognitive factors including expectancies and self-sufficiency influence a person's ability to remain drug free
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Substance use disorders are difficult to treat. As part of multifaceted interventions, behavior therapy procedures such as contingency management therapy and aversion therapy play a prominent role
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Relapse prevention strategies focus on the cognitive responses to lapses and relapses and help the patient maintain abstinence after successful treatment
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Twelve-step programs focus on powerlessness over the addictive process and on complete abstinence from the substance
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Antagonist treatments use one drug to block the reinforcing properties of another drug, thus reducing its pleasurable effects and lessening the risk of relapse
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Aversive medications such as Antabuse pair the ingestion of a drug with a noxious physical reaction
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Vaccines are being developed to eliminate the positive and reinforcing physical response to various drugs
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Define the term "substance use disorder" according to DSM-5 criteria
A substance use disorder is a cluster of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms which indicate that the individual continues to use the substance despite significant problems due to use. Symptoms include tolerance, withdrawal, failed attempts t
Understand the principles of tolerance and withdrawal and how they differ across various classes of drugs
Tolerance refers to needing a markedly increased amount of the substance to achieve the same effect, and withdrawal symptoms occur when a dependent person attempts to cut down or abstain from regular drug use
Appreciate how various drugs act in the body to produce their characteristic effects
Drugs have specific mechanisms of action to produce their effects. For example, nicotine achieves its rewarding effects through the dopamine system; alcohol modulates receptors in the GABA system; opioids mimic the body's natural opioids; and hallucinogen
Describe the short- and long-term negative psychological and health consequences of various types of substance use disorders
Caffeine produces rapid alertness; nicotine is highly addictive and associated with a rapid pharmacological effect; alcohol creates a sensation of being more relaxed, outgoing, and social; marijuana is associated with an intensified experience of color an
Understand the contributions of biological, genetic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural theories to the etiology of substance use disorder
Drug and alcohol use disorders emerge from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors can serve either to increase risk or to protect an individual from developing a substance use disorders
Compare and contrast treatments for various types of substance use disorders
No single treatment exists for substance use disorders - both pharmacological and behavioral approaches can be combined into a comprehensive treatment program that includes considerable attention to motivation and relapse prevention
Bob uses illicit drugs "socially". His use does not produce problems with his social, educational, or occupational functioning. Bob's behavior constitutes
Substance use
Lucy told her therapist that she frequently drinks more than she intended to, and that she has tried to cut down on her drinking several times without being able to. She endorsed no other symptoms related to her alcohol use. According to the DSM-5, Lucy m
A mild alcohol use disorder
The DSM-5 does not include symptoms of withdrawal for the following two categories of substances
Hallucinogens and inhalants
The most widely used drug in the world is
Caffeine
Central to nicotine's highly addictive potential is (are)
Its direct influence on the brain's pleasure centers
Samantha has smoked for 10 years but has decided to quit. According to the Centers for Disease Control, what is the likelihood that she will have achieved sustained abstinence at the end of a year?
2.3%
Although alcohol affects many neurotransmitters, its effect is particularly powerful on the neurotransmitter
GABA
In its most severe form, alcohol withdrawal can include which of the following symptoms?
Hallucinations and formication, seizures and metabolic complications, delirium tremens
Dan, now in his mid-fifties, has used alcohol heavily since his late 20s. He does not feel well, and his doctors are concerned that his alcohol use may have contributed to a liver disease called
Cirrhosis
THC marijuana produces a sense of euphoria by stimulating
Cannabinoid receptors, thereby activating the dopamine reward system
Most people who are treated for amphetamine abuse
Do not use another substance
Codeine, morphine, and heroin mimic the effects of the body's natural opioids, which include
Endorphins and enkephalins
Alcohol and drugs act on the brain's reward circuitry, which includes the
Ventral tegmental area and the basal forebrain
Kohana is getting reading for a date. Before he leaves his apartment, he smokes some marijuana, which he believes helps him to be more charming and interesting. Which theoretical perspective best explains his actions?
Cognitive
Chronic use of illicit drugs during adolescence may result in "arrested development", which is
Missed social experiences and emotional growth opportunities
Michelle quit smoking 6 months ago. She went out drinking with an old friend and had a few cigarettes with her. The next day she bought a pack of cigarettes, saying to herself, "I just won't ever have any will power." This illustrates the
Abstinence violation effect
What is the fundamental difference between the cognitive-behavioral approach and the 12-step AA approach to the treatment of alcohol abuse?
Cognitive-behavioral approaches emphasize skills to control addiction rather than always requiring complete abstinence
In agonist substitution, a chemically similar safe medication is substituted for the drug of abuse. The most common drug used in this manner is
Methadone
As in aversion therapy, aversive pharmacological interventions pair ingestion of the substance with a noxious physical reaction. The best known substance used in this manner is
Disulfiram
Controlled drinking approaches may be especially suited to individuals who have a
Less severe dependence on drinking