psychopatyhology chp 9

At the beginning of the 20th century, what was the leading cause of death in the U.S.?

Infectious diseases, i.e., influenza, pneumonia, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, measles, and gastrointestinal infections

Name two ways in which psychological and social factors influence health?

They can affect the basic biological processes that lead to illness and disease. Long-standing behavior patterns may put people at risk to develop certain physical disorders

What percentage of death in the U.S. can be traced to lifestyle choices?

50% of deaths from the 10 leading causes of death50% of deaths from the 10 leading causes of death

Describe a process in the activation of the HPA (hormonal) axis.

One of the neurohormones, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland. Farther down the chain of the HPA axis, the pituitary gland (along with the autonomic nervous system) activates the adrenal

Name the factor which is most closely related to how well you think you can cope with a threat or challenge.

Self-efficacy

Research findings have suggested that it might not be the stressful event itself that lowers immune system functioning but rather the accompanying______________.

Uncontrollable Level of depression

B cells are associated with __________ immunity, while T cells are associated with ____________ immunity.

Humoral/cellular

What does psychoneuroimmunology focus on?

The object of the study is psychological influences on the neurological responding implicated in our immune response.

Describe AIDS-related complex.

After several months to several years with no symptoms [of HIV], patients may develop minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and nights sweats, symptoms that make up [this condition]

Define benefit finding as applied to getting cancer.

Types of traits such as coping skills, sense of control, optimism and resilience

Since heart disease is the number one cause of death in the United States, what three areas of one's life would it be very important to change in terms of prevention?

Health diet exercise amount of stress,

How would you compare men in the U.S. to Japanese men in terms of Type A behavior and coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Both type A behavior and CHD seem to be culturally determined. "The prevalence of type A behavior among Japanese men is much lower than among men in the United States (18.7% versus approximately 50%). Similarly, the prevalence of CHD is equally low in Jap

Give an example of "pain behaviors".

Complaining or grimacing/change how you sit/walk

In the phenomenon known as "operant" control of pain, what are the pain behaviors manifested by an individual determined by?

familial support

Females may have an "extra" pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. What is one implication of this biological gender difference?

males and females may benefit from different kinds of drugs, psychological interventions, or unique combination's of these treatments to best manage and control pain.

What is the development of chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with?

-extremely stressful environment, changing role of women, new technology

The procedure known as biofeedback involves a process by which a person is first helped to become aware of his/her

physiological functions.

It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it "teaches people to relax," but it is more likely that

a sense of control over the pain is instilled.

In keeping daily records of the stressful events in their lives, patients in pain management programs are taught to be very specific about three areas of their experience.

the times they experience the stress, the intensity of the stress and what seems to trigger the stress.

What happens to chronic use of pain medications to treat headaches?

Some evidence suggests that chronic reliance on these medications lessens the efficacy of comprehensive programs in the treatment of headache and may make headaches worse because patients experience increased headache pain every time the medication wears

What is the name of the leading preventable cause of death?

Smoking

In regard to the epidemic of AIDS in Africa, an individual is most likely to become HIV positive following what kind of activity?

heterosexual intercourse with an infected partner.

Name an activity that is least likely to bring about changes in "risky" behaviors for individuals who are at risk for HIV/AIDS.

Education

What is a type of circumstance in which women put themselves at risk for HIV/AIDS infections differently from men?

prostitution in response to economic hardship

One of the most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for a medical condition involved three entire communities in California in which residents received different types of interventions or no intervention at all (for the community that served as the

behavior reduce chd.

Behavioral medicine:

knowledge derived from behavioral science is applies to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. This is an interdisciplinary field in which psychologists, physicians, and other health professionals work closely together to develop ne

Health psychology:

mult interdisciplinary, and is usually considered a subfield of behavioral medicine. Practitioners study psychological factors that are important to the promotion and maintenance of health; they also analyze and recommend improvements in health-care syste

Biofeedback:

clinicians use physiological monitoring equipment to make the response, such as heart rate, visible or audible to the patient. The patient then works with the therapist to learn to control the response. A successful response produces some type of signal.

Meditation:

Focusing on the word "one," or any other neutral word or phrase. Individuals who meditate for 10 or 20 minutes a day report feeling calmer or more relaxed throughout the day.

Relaxation techniques:

progressive muscle relaxation accompanied by regular, slowed breathing. Relaxation response: repeats a mantra to minimize distraction by closing the mind to intruding thoughts.