completely black
film exposed to light
completely clear
unexposed film
not submersed in developer completely
bromides washed off because not exposed
fixed first
light film
underdeveloped
dark film
overdeveloped
dark spots
developer spots/ splash
light spots
fixer splash on film before processing
yellow, brown color
exhausted chemicals, insufficient rinsing, incomplete fixation
white spots
Air bubbles" -> reticulation
-Air trapped on film surface after film placed in solution
thin, black branching lines
static electricity (aboration) - packet is opened too quickly or low humitdity
herringbone/ tire tracking
backwards film in mouth
white lines
soft emulsion removed from film by a sharp object - scratched film
elongated roots
slightly bent film
diagonal black line
severely bent film
exposed area is black
light leakage
Fogged film
grey film caused by:
light in darkroom
scatter radiation
improper safelight
outdated films
improper film storage
contaminated solutions
underdevelopment
air space seen; lack of apices
patient not biting on bite block
images are tipped to one side
improper film placement
overlapped teeth in contacts
incorrect horizontal angulation
short teeth with blunted roots (foreshortened)
too much vertical angulation
long, distorted teeth (elongation)
too little vertical angulation
unexposed are on film (cone-cut)
central ray not in center of film
may appear as dental caries; radiolucent (cervical burnout)
radiolucent artifact seen in areas of different densities
Only Friends Understand Excuses
Over= foreshadowing; Under= elongation. Refers to vertical angulation
If palatoglossal air space occurs, what happened?
patient did not place tongue on roof of mouth during pano