The first step in manual film processing is
development
In manual film processing the rinsing step is necessary because
rinsing removes the developer from the film and stops the development process
The film emulsion is hardened during
fixation
The hydroquinone in the developer brings out the _____ tones, whereas the Elon in the developer brings out the _______ tones on a dental radiograph.
black; gray
In manual film processing, the optimal temperature for the developer solution is:
68 F
The size of a darkroom is determine by all the following factors except:
humidity level of the room
Any leaks of white light into the darkroom will cause:
film fogging
The safelight must be placed a minimum of what distance from the film and the work area?
4 feet
The GBX-2 safelight filter by Kodak is recommended for;
intraoral and extraoral films
Unopened boxes of radiographic film should not be stored in the darkroom because;
chemical fumes from processing solutions may fog the film
The thermometer for manual processing should be placed in the;
developer solution
At 68 F, what is the optimal development time for manual film processing?
5 minutes
All the following factors affect the life of the processing solutions except;
type of safelight filter used
A replenisher is added to the processing solution to:
all
compensate for the loss of solution strength
ensure uniform results between solution changes
compensate for the loss of volume of solution
compensate for oxidation
How often should the processing tank be cleaned?
whenever solutions are changed
Which of the following can be used to clean the processing tank?
commercial tank cleaner and hydrochloric acid and water solution
A breakdown of chemicals in the processing solution that results from exposure to air is termed:
oxidation
The superconcentrated solution that is added to the processing solution to compensate for the effects of oxidation is termed the;
replenisher
processor housing
encases component parts of automatic processor
film/feed slot
opening used to insert films
roller film transporter
moves the film through the automatic processor
film recovery slot
opening where processed films emerge
drying chamber
heated air is used to dry wet films
water compartment
holds circulating water
fixer compartment
holds fixer solution
developer compartment
holds developer solution
replenisher solutions
solutions used to maintain proper concentration and levels of developer and fixer
replenisher pump
delivers developer and fixer solution to compartments
List two equipment requirements for film duplications
film duplicator and duplicating film
Discuss how exposure time affects the density of duplicating film
underdeveloped film will appear lighter, over developed film will appear darker
fogged film
gray
overdeveloped film
dark
underdeveloped film
light
light leak
black
developer cutoff
whtie
fixer cutoff
black
Black spots
developer comes in contact with film before processing
white spots
fixer comes in contact with film before processing
Yellow brown stains
Exhausted developer or fixer
Cracked appearance
Sudden temperature change between developer and water bath
straight white border
underdeveloped portion of film due to low level of developer
straight black border
unfixed portion of film due to low level of fixer
Black crescent shaped marks
film emulsion damaged by operators fingernail during rough handling
think, black branching lines
occurs when a film packet is opened quickly, occurs when a film pack is opened before radiographer touches a conductive object
White lines
soft emulsion removed from film by a sharp object
Film fogging results from improper safelighting
T
Yellow brown stains result from insufficient development time
F
Developer cutoff appears as a straight black border across the film
F
To avoid static electricity, touch a conductor object before unwrapping a film
T
Torn or defective film packets may allow a portion of the film to be exposed to light
T