Film Processing

What is the 1st step in wet processing of film?

developing

______ involves a 2-step process of washing and drying the radiograph.

archiving

At which stage is silver deposited at the latent image sites and an image becomes visible?

Developing

The deposition of silver ______ the density of the image

increases

The primary agents of the developer are 2 reducing agents_______ & _______

P & H (phenidone & hydroquione)

the action of the _______is controlled by immersion time, solution temperature, and chemical activity

developer

When a silver ion obtains an extra electron, it is converted to a stable black _________ silver atom

metallic

Where are bromine and iodine ions located?

exterior of silver halides

Silver halides have positive interiors which is where ______ ions are located.

silver

_________is the process of the reducing agents giving up electrons to neutralize the positive silver ions.

reduction

The entire film will appear ________ if the reducing agents are permitted to work to long of time and too fast due to high temperature. This is referred to as _______ _____

black, chemical fog

Silver halide crystals that have fewer than _____ silver atoms on their sensitivity speck are unable to open a gate and remain undeveloped.

3

_________ _________ can be used as a "starter" solution to slow down the hyperactivity of newly mixed developer replenisher solutions

Potassium Bromide

A freshly cleaned automatic processor may require seasoning by running for ____ - ____ minutes to thoroughly mix the starter solution

20-30

Which reducing agent is known as the Q developer?

H (hydroquinone)

Which reducing agent quickly reduces silver, enhances fine detail, and shades of gray?

P (phenidone)

Which reducing agent slowly reduces silver and produces heavy density?

H (hydroquinone)

Phenidone replaces the function of _____in manual processing

metol

When the PQ developers are combined their _______ ability is greater than the sum of their independent abilities. This is referred to as _________

reducing, superadditivity

The activator in the developer solution is

sodium carbonate

The restrainer in the developer is

potassium bromide

The preservative in the developer is

SS (sodium sulfite)

The hardener in the developer is

glut (glutaraldehyde)

What part of the developer solution produces alkaline pH, and swells gelatin

activator

What part of the developer solution decreases the reducing agent activity, antifog agent

restrainer

Which part of the developer solution controls oxidation and is a buffer agent?

preservative

What hardens the emulsion and reduces gelatin swelling?

hardener

Ammonium thiosulfate removes undeveloped silver halides from emulsion in what stage of the Fixer

clearing agent

In the fixer acetic acid is during which stage?

activator

Within the fixer potassium alum is used in which stage?

hardner

How much time does it take to wash

20sec

How much time does it take to dry

25-30 sec

The time that is necessary for the milky appearance of silver halides is the _______ time which is about 15-20sec.

clearing

the washing process uses water to remove the fixer and ______ solutions. The water is typically (lower/higher) than the temperature of the other solutions.

developer, lower (5degrees)

The air temperature of the drying ranges from _____ to _____

120-150