What is the 1st step in wet processing of film?
developing
______ involves a 2-step process of washing and drying the radiograph.
archiving
At which stage is silver deposited at the latent image sites and an image becomes visible?
Developing
The deposition of silver ______ the density of the image
increases
The primary agents of the developer are 2 reducing agents_______ & _______
P & H (phenidone & hydroquione)
the action of the _______is controlled by immersion time, solution temperature, and chemical activity
developer
When a silver ion obtains an extra electron, it is converted to a stable black _________ silver atom
metallic
Where are bromine and iodine ions located?
exterior of silver halides
Silver halides have positive interiors which is where ______ ions are located.
silver
_________is the process of the reducing agents giving up electrons to neutralize the positive silver ions.
reduction
The entire film will appear ________ if the reducing agents are permitted to work to long of time and too fast due to high temperature. This is referred to as _______ _____
black, chemical fog
Silver halide crystals that have fewer than _____ silver atoms on their sensitivity speck are unable to open a gate and remain undeveloped.
3
_________ _________ can be used as a "starter" solution to slow down the hyperactivity of newly mixed developer replenisher solutions
Potassium Bromide
A freshly cleaned automatic processor may require seasoning by running for ____ - ____ minutes to thoroughly mix the starter solution
20-30
Which reducing agent is known as the Q developer?
H (hydroquinone)
Which reducing agent quickly reduces silver, enhances fine detail, and shades of gray?
P (phenidone)
Which reducing agent slowly reduces silver and produces heavy density?
H (hydroquinone)
Phenidone replaces the function of _____in manual processing
metol
When the PQ developers are combined their _______ ability is greater than the sum of their independent abilities. This is referred to as _________
reducing, superadditivity
The activator in the developer solution is
sodium carbonate
The restrainer in the developer is
potassium bromide
The preservative in the developer is
SS (sodium sulfite)
The hardener in the developer is
glut (glutaraldehyde)
What part of the developer solution produces alkaline pH, and swells gelatin
activator
What part of the developer solution decreases the reducing agent activity, antifog agent
restrainer
Which part of the developer solution controls oxidation and is a buffer agent?
preservative
What hardens the emulsion and reduces gelatin swelling?
hardener
Ammonium thiosulfate removes undeveloped silver halides from emulsion in what stage of the Fixer
clearing agent
In the fixer acetic acid is during which stage?
activator
Within the fixer potassium alum is used in which stage?
hardner
How much time does it take to wash
20sec
How much time does it take to dry
25-30 sec
The time that is necessary for the milky appearance of silver halides is the _______ time which is about 15-20sec.
clearing
the washing process uses water to remove the fixer and ______ solutions. The water is typically (lower/higher) than the temperature of the other solutions.
developer, lower (5degrees)
The air temperature of the drying ranges from _____ to _____
120-150