Why is traditional x-ray not great for vascular imaging?
It doesn't take pictures fasten off, it can't withstand heat, and it's not as flexible.
What are the three types of film for vascular imaging?
Rapid film changers, cut and roll film changers, cineangiographic cameras
What are other names for rapid changers?
Serial changers, or film changers
When was roll film changers developed?
As early as 1925
What parts are included on a roll film changer?
Grid, upper and lower intensifying screens, pressure plate, film cutter, supply and receiving magazines
What is the roll film changers max exposure?
12 per second
What is another name for cut film changers?
Puck film changer
What do you cut film changers allow?
Real-time imaging of angiograms
What is the main difference between roll film changers and cut film changers?
Cut film changers are precut films at the size of 14 x 14. Roll film changers are 14 x 17 that need to be cut.
What are the included parts of a cut some changer?
Grid, two intensifying screens, compression plate, compression table, supply magazines, receiving cassette
Why is it important to have good screen contact?
Because it will be blurry if it is not tight enough
What is the maximum exposure for cut film changers?
Six per second
What is the disadvantage of cut film changers?
They get jammed
What can rapid film changers be used in?
Either monoplane or biplane imaging
What is biplane?
When you have two planes, AP and lateral, taking images at the same time, with one contrast injection
What are the three components of cineangiography imaging systems?
Automatic brightness control, beam splitting mirror, cine camera filming device.
What is automatic brightness control?
It is used to compensate for KVP, mAs, or both, Giving you the best image possible, due to differences in anatomy.
What is the beams splitting mirror?
And allows you to view and record at the same time
What is cine camera filming device?
It takes many single images and move them fast enough, so it looks like one image. Usually at 15, 30, 60 per second. But when you have higher frame rate you have higher patient does.
What is synchronized system?
It means, the x-ray tube is energized only during the time when the cine film is in place for exposure
What needs to be included for digital image acquisition?
You need high frequency generator, x-ray tube, I I, image processor
When angio work is high-powered where shall it deliver?
Anywhere from 800-1000
Why are high frequency/high voltage generator is the most efficient?
Because they never drop to zero
What is the range of KV to better allow better visual of contrast in soft tissue?
50 to 100
What is it called when a generator switches on/off very rapidly to prevent you from overheating?
Pulse progressive fluoroscopy
What is interrogation time?
Time required to prepare x-ray tube to be switched on and reach the selected KVP and MA
What is extinction time?
The time required to stop exposure or shut off x-ray tube
What does three phase 12 poles or multi phase offer?
Constant potential 12 pulses per second and short exposure times at .001 ms
What is short term loading ability?
Amount of heat and anode can tolerate for a sequence of exposures/x-rays
What is continuous heat loading ability?
Amount of heat the anode can tolerate during a fluoro procedure
How big is a large diameter massive anode disc?
11 inches
What is the massive anode disc made of?
Tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium
Maximum heat loading characteristics of an anode or measured in:
Heat units
What are the three x-ray tube rating charts?
Radiographic rating chart, Ano to cooling chart, housing cooling chart
What is the most important x-ray tube rating chart?
Radiographic rating chart
What do all radiographic tube charts plot?
MA, kVp, and time
What does each filament of each tube have?
A unique radiographic tube chart
What is the formula for heat unit?
HU = kVp x mA x time x rectification factor (x exposures)
What does
Single phase =
3 P 6 P =
3 P 12 P =
High frequency =
1
1.35
1.41
1.45
What does an anode cooling chart tell you?
How long it takes the anode to cool
What does a housing cooling chart tell you?
How long it takes to housing to cool, this is not used today
What does the heat loading capacity tube depend on?
Focal spot size, anode angle, anode speed, and generator
Why must you have a very small focal spot capability?
To view small vessels, to have more spatial resolution, so you get the best detail possible
What must you use if you have an analog image intensifier?
CCD and ADC
What does CCD replace?
TV camera tube
What is ADC?
Analog to digital converter
CCD connects to the ________ which connects________ then that_________ and that __________.
Output phosphor
Light to electrons
Signal is analog
Changes to CCD
What don't digital image intensifiers need?
Conversions, because they will go straight to the digital image
What is the last parts of digital image acquisition system?
Imaging processing hardware and computer
What are the modes of digital image acquisition?
Digital angiography
DSA
Digital Cineradiography
What does DSA stand for and what is it?
Digital Subtraction Angiography- process of removing or masking unnecessary anatomy, and Enhancing only anatomy of interest
What is digital angiography?
When you do one image at a time because it's used when only a few images is needed for placement of a PICC
What does PICC stand for?
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter
What is mask/scout image?
The initial exposure before and contrast is injected
What is native image(s)?
Images with contrast
cineangiographic camera:
A specialized camera used for cardiac procedures to produce motion picture image of the flow of contrast medium through a vessel
What mm is used with cineangiographic camera?
35 mm roll is commonly used; 16 mm is also used, but not as much; higher dose with 35 mm
Cine Equipment has special tube rating charts and anode cooling charts; what are these known as?
Percent duty factor/cycle
What does window level control?
Density or brightness
What does one does window width control?
Contrast
What is re-masking?
If the first mask image is not good enough you can choose a different one out of it
What is pixel shifting?
If the patient moves a little, you can shift the pixels over and lined them up better
What is view tracing?
Combining different parts of the vessel into one picture and seeing it fill up with contrast
Where is the x-ray tube located?
On the bottom
Where is the image intensifier located?
On the top
What does analog I I require?
CCD and ADC
Why must a patient couch/angiographic table be easy/convenient to use?
They must be comfortable because cases are long - 4 to 5 hours
What do pressure injector devices deliver?
A safe, uniform quantity of contrast under controlled conditions
What are the components of a contrast medium injection device?
Control panel, syringe, warming device, pressure mechanism
What does the control panel loud the tech to change?
Injection parameters
What is displayed on the control panel?
Flow rate, total volume, pressure (psi), rise rate, delay
What is flow rate?
Number of cc of contrast delivered every second, also the rate at which contrast is injected
What does the flow rate depend on?
The length of the catheter, internal diameter, number of side holes, injection pressure, viscosity
What is total volume?
Is the total of amount of contrast you're going to deliver
What is injection pressure (psi)?
Force needed for a specific dose of contrast medium
What is rise rate?
Time it takes to reach the desired flow rate, it's measured in seconds
What is delay?
Pause in injection rate/exposure
What is the warming device?
I thermal sleeve that maintains the temperature of the contrast material of syringe
What is the pressure mechanism?
This is what moves the plunger
What is quality control?
It includes an a valuation schedule of image processing/viewing systems, and internal x-ray beam, and ancillary equipment used
Why is traditional x-ray not great for vascular imaging?
It doesn't take pictures fasten off, it can't withstand heat, and it's not as flexible.
What are the three types of film for vascular imaging?
Rapid film changers, cut and roll film changers, cineangiographic cameras
What are other names for rapid changers?
Serial changers, or film changers
When was roll film changers developed?
As early as 1925
What parts are included on a roll film changer?
Grid, upper and lower intensifying screens, pressure plate, film cutter, supply and receiving magazines
What is the roll film changers max exposure?
12 per second
What is another name for cut film changers?
Puck film changer
What do you cut film changers allow?
Real-time imaging of angiograms
What is the main difference between roll film changers and cut film changers?
Cut film changers are precut films at the size of 14 x 14. Roll film changers are 14 x 17 that need to be cut.
What are the included parts of a cut some changer?
Grid, two intensifying screens, compression plate, compression table, supply magazines, receiving cassette
Why is it important to have good screen contact?
Because it will be blurry if it is not tight enough
What is the maximum exposure for cut film changers?
Six per second
What is the disadvantage of cut film changers?
They get jammed
What can rapid film changers be used in?
Either monoplane or biplane imaging
What is biplane?
When you have two planes, AP and lateral, taking images at the same time, with one contrast injection
What are the three components of cineangiography imaging systems?
Automatic brightness control, beam splitting mirror, cine camera filming device.
What is automatic brightness control?
It is used to compensate for KVP, mAs, or both, Giving you the best image possible, due to differences in anatomy.
What is the beams splitting mirror?
And allows you to view and record at the same time
What is cine camera filming device?
It takes many single images and move them fast enough, so it looks like one image. Usually at 15, 30, 60 per second. But when you have higher frame rate you have higher patient does.
What is synchronized system?
It means, the x-ray tube is energized only during the time when the cine film is in place for exposure
What needs to be included for digital image acquisition?
You need high frequency generator, x-ray tube, I I, image processor
When angio work is high-powered where shall it deliver?
Anywhere from 800-1000
Why are high frequency/high voltage generator is the most efficient?
Because they never drop to zero
What is the range of KV to better allow better visual of contrast in soft tissue?
50 to 100
What is it called when a generator switches on/off very rapidly to prevent you from overheating?
Pulse progressive fluoroscopy
What is interrogation time?
Time required to prepare x-ray tube to be switched on and reach the selected KVP and MA
What is extinction time?
The time required to stop exposure or shut off x-ray tube
What does three phase 12 poles or multi phase offer?
Constant potential 12 pulses per second and short exposure times at .001 ms
What is short term loading ability?
Amount of heat and anode can tolerate for a sequence of exposures/x-rays
What is continuous heat loading ability?
Amount of heat the anode can tolerate during a fluoro procedure
How big is a large diameter massive anode disc?
11 inches
What is the massive anode disc made of?
Tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium
Maximum heat loading characteristics of an anode or measured in:
Heat units
What are the three x-ray tube rating charts?
Radiographic rating chart, Ano to cooling chart, housing cooling chart
What is the most important x-ray tube rating chart?
Radiographic rating chart
What do all radiographic tube charts plot?
MA, kVp, and time
What does each filament of each tube have?
A unique radiographic tube chart
What is the formula for heat unit?
HU = kVp x mA x time x rectification factor (x exposures)
What does
Single phase =
3 P 6 P =
3 P 12 P =
High frequency =
1
1.35
1.41
1.45
What does an anode cooling chart tell you?
How long it takes the anode to cool
What does a housing cooling chart tell you?
How long it takes to housing to cool, this is not used today
What does the heat loading capacity tube depend on?
Focal spot size, anode angle, anode speed, and generator
Why must you have a very small focal spot capability?
To view small vessels, to have more spatial resolution, so you get the best detail possible
What must you use if you have an analog image intensifier?
CCD and ADC
What does CCD replace?
TV camera tube
What is ADC?
Analog to digital converter
CCD connects to the ________ which connects________ then that_________ and that __________.
Output phosphor
Light to electrons
Signal is analog
Changes to CCD
What don't digital image intensifiers need?
Conversions, because they will go straight to the digital image
What is the last parts of digital image acquisition system?
Imaging processing hardware and computer
What are the modes of digital image acquisition?
Digital angiography
DSA
Digital Cineradiography
What does DSA stand for and what is it?
Digital Subtraction Angiography- process of removing or masking unnecessary anatomy, and Enhancing only anatomy of interest
What is digital angiography?
When you do one image at a time because it's used when only a few images is needed for placement of a PICC
What does PICC stand for?
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter
What is mask/scout image?
The initial exposure before and contrast is injected
What is native image(s)?
Images with contrast
cineangiographic camera:
A specialized camera used for cardiac procedures to produce motion picture image of the flow of contrast medium through a vessel
What mm is used with cineangiographic camera?
35 mm roll is commonly used; 16 mm is also used, but not as much; higher dose with 35 mm
Cine Equipment has special tube rating charts and anode cooling charts; what are these known as?
Percent duty factor/cycle
What does window level control?
Density or brightness
What does one does window width control?
Contrast
What is re-masking?
If the first mask image is not good enough you can choose a different one out of it
What is pixel shifting?
If the patient moves a little, you can shift the pixels over and lined them up better
What is view tracing?
Combining different parts of the vessel into one picture and seeing it fill up with contrast
Where is the x-ray tube located?
On the bottom
Where is the image intensifier located?
On the top
What does analog I I require?
CCD and ADC
Why must a patient couch/angiographic table be easy/convenient to use?
They must be comfortable because cases are long - 4 to 5 hours
What do pressure injector devices deliver?
A safe, uniform quantity of contrast under controlled conditions
What are the components of a contrast medium injection device?
Control panel, syringe, warming device, pressure mechanism
What does the control panel loud the tech to change?
Injection parameters
What is displayed on the control panel?
Flow rate, total volume, pressure (psi), rise rate, delay
What is flow rate?
Number of cc of contrast delivered every second, also the rate at which contrast is injected
What does the flow rate depend on?
The length of the catheter, internal diameter, number of side holes, injection pressure, viscosity
What is total volume?
Is the total of amount of contrast you're going to deliver
What is injection pressure (psi)?
Force needed for a specific dose of contrast medium
What is rise rate?
Time it takes to reach the desired flow rate, it's measured in seconds
What is delay?
Pause in injection rate/exposure
What is the warming device?
I thermal sleeve that maintains the temperature of the contrast material of syringe
What is the pressure mechanism?
This is what moves the plunger
What is quality control?
It includes an a valuation schedule of image processing/viewing systems, and internal x-ray beam, and ancillary equipment used