Chapter 16 Oral Radiography

Digital image (216)

electronic representation of radiographic, a film, or an x-ray image.

Radiograph

image produced on conventional dental film.

Types of intraoral view (dental images)

1. periapical,
2. bite-wing,
3. occlusal

Periapical view

show images of the entire tooth length, plus 3-4 mm beyond the apices. Used to diagnose abscesses, and to identify unerupted teeth.

Bite-wing

shows images of the crowns of teeth on both arches on one film. It can consist of two or four films to diagnose interproximal caries, recurrent caries, pulpal pathologic conditions, and conditions of the crestal bone.

Occlusal

locate impactions, supernumerary teeth, pathologic conditions, fractures of the maxilla or mandible. No. 4 film is used.

Latent image

invisible image on the x-ray film after exposure but before processing.

Intra-oral Dental X-Ray Film

1. Film packet consists of an outer wrap, lead foil, black paper, 1 or 2 films. Front is white, back is colored.
2. Double film packets contain two pieces of film between black paper lining. Produce duplicates for insurance co., or referred to a specialis

Commonly used dental film sizes

0. children younger than 3 yrs of age,
1. Anterior film for adult full-mouth survey,
2. Adult (BWX) and adult posterior periapical radiographs.
3. Less common used for adult BWX radiographs,
4. Occlusal radiographs

Film duplicating

process of copying a radiographic image.

Periapical view techniques (218)

1. paralleling technique (commonly used)
2. bisecting angle technique

Periapical view

images that show the crown, root tip, and surrounding structures.

Paralleling technique

preferred because it provides a more accurate image of the teeth and surrounding structures. Intraoral technique of exposing periapical films.

Bisecting Angle technique

supplemental method. Angle at which a periapical survey x-ray image is taken, horizontally angled so the ray passes through the interproximal space as close to the center of the area being radiographed as possible and vertically angled so the ray travels

Paralleling Technique (219)

1. film is placed parallel to the long axis of the teeth being radiographed.
2. the x-ray beam is directed at right angles (perpendicular) to the film or sensor and the long axis of the tooth.

Sensor-holding device

instrument that holds the image receptor in the patients mouth during exposure.

Point of Entry

position on the patients face at which the central x-ray beam is aimed.

Vertical angulation

angle measured within the vertical plane at which the central x-ray beam is projected, relative to a reference in the horizontal or occlusal plane. Movement of tube-head is an up and down direction. (YES)

Horizontal angulation

Position of the tube-head and the direction of the central ray in a horizontal or side to side plane. (NO)

Bite-wing image (223)

Radiographic image that includes the distal half of the crowns of the cuspids, both premolars, and often the first molars on both the maxillary and mandibular arches at one time. Horizontal angulation is crucial.

Occlusal technique (224)

used to examine large areas of the upper and lower jaw. Patient bites on the entire film adults use #4 and children use a #2.

Diagnostic quality image

image that has been properly place, exposed, and processed. Quality images are a benefit to the dentist.

Manual processing (226)

an x-ray film is placed on a rack by hand and then inserted into processed chemicals, which causes the image to become visible on film. Solution temp and time in solution for film processing. Drying takes 1 hour.

Automatic film processing

consists of a series of rollers that transport the films through the steps and solutions necessary for complete processing. Requires 4-6 minutes to develop, fix, wash, and dry film.

Charged-coupled device (CCD) (229)

solid state image sensor used in intraoral digital imaging.

Digitizes

process of scanning a traditional film-based radiograph into a digital image.

Phosphor storage plates (PSPs)

thin flexible plates the size of conventional film that have coated with phosphor crystals. This technology uses a reusable PSP as the image receptor.

Panoramic radiograph

modality that delivers an image that provides a wide view of the upper and lower jaws.

Images on radiographs that appear black are called ______.

radio-lucent

The overall darkness of a radiographic image is called the ________.

density

The colored side of the film packet is always placed _______ of the PID.

away from

If the dentist suspects an abscess, then what type of radiograph would most likely be needed?

periapical

The image that exists on the film after exposure and before processing is called the _________ image.

latent

The type of radiograph that shows the crown of the teeth on both arches at one time is called a _______ view.

bite-wing

The film size that is used for children younger than 3?

0

The radiographic technique that requires the film to be placed at a right angle to the teeth is the _______ technique?

paralleling

Bite-blocks for holding the film in the patients mouth should be _______.

sterilized or disposable

What processing error would cause the film to be too dark?

developer temperature too warm

What technique error would cause the image of the teeth on the radiograph to look to long?

elongation

What technique error would cause the closed contacts?

incorrect horizontal angulations

Which type of radiograph show the maxillary and mandibular teeth in one film?

bite-wing

Digital radiography requires ______ radiation than traditional machines.

less

An advantage of panoramic radiographs is the excellent detail of the image.

false