what is the organization of living systems?
ecosystem -> organism -> organelles -> macromolecules -> biomolecules -> elements -> subatomic particles-> elementary particles
what are some examples of organelles?
mitochondria, nucleus, choroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosome
what are some examples of macromolecules?
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
what are some examples of biomolecules?
amino acids, nucleotides, water
what is the definition of living?
- ability to reproduce
- respond to environment
- homeostasis
- metabolism
what are the most abundant elements in living systems?
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
what is the main component of fuels for lipids and carbohydrates?
carbon
what elements are dominant to living systems?
water
why is carbon used for fuel?
can make 4 covalent bonds which allows for variety
which type of biomolecule is an unbranched polymer consisting of amino acids that when folded into its 3-dimensional shape performs much of the catalysis in the cell?
protein
what are the four major classes of biomolecules?
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- carbohydrates
- lipids
what are the functions of protein?
- catalyst (enzyme)
- signaling
- receptors
what is a protein?
polymer comprised of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- fold into 3D structures
the transfer of info from DNA to RNA is known as?
transcription
what are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA, polymer comprised of nucleotides
what do nucleic acids do?
store and transfer information
what is ribonucleic acid?
made of ribose and is single stranded
- A,U,C,G
what is deoxyribose nucleic acid?
made of deoxyribose and is double helix
- A,T,C,G
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
source of fuel and energy
what is the function of lipids?
to form barriers that separate cell from external environment, cell to cell signaling, metabolic fuel
what are the characteristics of lipids?
hydrophobic and non polar
what is the importance of membranes>
- separation of cell internal environment from external environment
- isolation of biochemical functions within the cell
which type of cells contain membrane bound organelles?
eukaryotic
main types of cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
mitochondrion
cellular respiration
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
lipid synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
protein synthesis
golgi complex
series of stacked membranes processing and transport of proteins
lysosome
digestive enzymes
alkene
C=C
amine
aldehyde
CHO
thiol
ketone
RCOR
carboxylic acid (carboxyl)
R-COOH
ester
RCOOR
amide (peptide)
organic phosphate
what type of interaction/bond typically has the shortest range?
London dispersion (van der Waals), they are instantaneous dipoles which aren't permanent cause they are always moving
covalent bond strength
strongest bond, around 356 kJ/mol
electrostatic dipole strength
around 5.9 kJ/mol
hydrogen bond strength
around 4-13 kJ/mol
London dispersion strength
weakest, around 2-4 kJ/mol
what types of atoms are commonly found in biological molecules as hydrogen bond acceptors?
O & N
Is energy required or released to break a chemical bond?
IT ALWAYS REQUIRES energy to break a chemical bond or disrupt an attractive intermolecular interaction
Is energy required or released to form a chemical bond?
energy is ALWAYS RELEASED when chemical bonds or attractive intermolecular interactions form
hydrogen bond donor
hydrogen bound to electronegative atom (O,N,F)
hydrogen bond acceptor
nitrogen or oxygen with lone pair
as energy increases, the charge on particles....
increase
as energy increases, the distance.....
decreases
electrostatic interactions
Interactions in which oppositely charged specifies (ions) attract each other
- ex: ionic bonds, salt bridges
london dispersion strength increases with:
- size
- surface area
what are the important aspects of water?
- polar bonds
- asymmetrical molecule (tetrahedral--> bent)
- capable of dissolving other polar or charged molecules
- cohesive
- high specific heat
polar
can easily be dissolved in water
- ex: glucose
nonpolar
can't be dissolved in water
- ex: lipids, O2, CO2, N2
amphipathic
polar/nonpolar components
- EX: phospholipids
second law of thermodynamics
the total entropy of the universe always increases for a spontaneous process (always positive)
hydrophobic effect
when the nonpolar molecule associate, it increases the entropy of water
autoionization of water
when pure water reacts with itself to form hydronium and hydroxide ions
how does Ka relate to the strength of an acid?
the larger Ka value, greater concentration of [H+] & [A-] which makes weak acid stronger
pH > pKa
[A-] form predominates, deprotinated
pH=pKa
[HA]= [A-], ionized and unionized forms are equal (50%)
pH < pKA
[HA] form predominates, protonated
ether
R-O-R