What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
every process in the universe increases disorder (entropy)
What is metabolism?
all the chemical processes happening in your body
What is catabolism?
large molecules are broken down into smaller ones
- releasing energy
What is anabolism?
small molecules are assembled into larger ones
- using energy
endergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed
- products have more energy that reactants
exergonic reaction
A chemical reaction that releases energy
- reactants have more energy than products
What is an example of an anabolic reaction?
- making amino acids into proteins
- making glycogen from glucose
- consume energy = endergonic
What is an example of a catabolic reaction?
- breaking apart amino acids
- breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides
- release energy = exergonic
Are exergonic or endergonic reactions spontaneous?
exergonic reactions are spontaneous
What is an enzyme?
a biological catalyst (substance that speeds up the rate of reaction- lowers activation energy)
Where does instant energy that chemical reactions use come from?
electron carrier molecules
What are electron carrier molecules
NAD+ to NADPH
FAD to FADH2
What is the function of the inter membrane space of the mitochondria?
small space to quickly accumulate protons
What is the function of the innermembrane of the mitochondria?
contains ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation
What is the function of the matrix of the mitochondria?
has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle
What is the function of the outer membrane of the mitochondria?
contains transport proteins for shutting pyruvate into mitochondrion
What is the purpose of doing fermentation if no ATP is generated?
regenerates NAD, so that we can do glycolysis again and get SOME ATP
How can we get energy from protein?
1. proteolysis (usually from muscle tissue)
2. remove nitrogen groups (excrete as urea)
3. certain amino acids can enter the citric acid cycle. (krebs)
How can we get energy from lipids?
1. lipolysis
2. beta oxidation
What is a photoautotroph?
an organism that makes its own organic carbon from sun and CO2
What is a chemoheterotroph?
an organism that has to consume organic carbon (in the form of other organisms)
What are examples of photoautotrophs?
plants, algae, cyanobacteria
What are examples of chemoheterotrophs?
animals, fungi, many bacteria
What is a mixotroph?
can photosynthesize and consume nutrients
Where does most of the DRY mass come from?
carbon in the air (makes carbohydrates)
Where does the dry mass go?
turns into CO2
Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?
endergonic
When does the light dependent reaction occur?
has to happen during the daytime
When does the light independent (calvin cycle) occur?
usually in the daytime but doesn't have to be
What occurs in the light dependent reactions?
photons --> unstable chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)
What occurs in the light independent reactions?
unstable chemical energy --> stable chemical energy (glucose)
- also NADP+ and ADP
What is the difference between NAD+ and NADP+
- cellular respiration: NAD+ to NADH
- photosynthesis: NADP+ to NADPH
Where does the calvin cycle store energy?
in the form of chemical bonds
CO2 --> C6H12O6
Where does the Calvin cycle take place for Euks?
stroma
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place for Proks?
cytoplasm
How many cycles to make one molecule of glucose?
six
What is the difference between Rubisco and RuBP?
Rubisco is an enzyme that has RuBP
How much energy does it take to make 1 glucose molecule?
3 ATP and 2 NADPH per turn of the Calvin Cycle
- 6 turns needed
- 18 ATP
- 12 NADPH
Rank the following in terms of how quickly they can provide energy to a cell: glucose, ATP, glycogen
ATP > glucose > glycogen
which of these processes are endergonic:
- ATP going to ADP
- glucose becoming. two molecules of G3P
- succinate going to fumarate
- ADP going to ATP
- glucose becoming. two molecules of G3P
- ADP going to ATP
Order these molecules from highest to lowest energy state: citrate, succinate, malate, oxaloacetate
- citrate
- succinate
- malate
- oxaloacetate