activiation energy
energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur
active site
enzyme's specific region to which the substrate binds
allosteric inhibition
inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
Anabolic
pathways that require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Bioenergetics
the study of how energy flows through living organisms
Catabolic
pathways in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones
chemical energy
potential energy in chemical bonds that releases when those bonds are broken
coenzyme
small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance the activity of an enzyme
cofactor
inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal regulation of enzyme activity
competitive inhibition
type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the enzyme's active site
denature
process that changes the natural properties of a substance
endergonic
describes chemical reactions that require energy input
enthalpy
total energy of a system
Entropy
measure of randomness or disorder within a system
exergonic
describes chemical reactions that release free energy
feedback inhibition (negative feedback)
a product's effect of a reaction sequence to decrease its further production by inhibiting the first enzyme's activity in the pathway that produces it.
free energy
Gibbs free energy is the usable energy, or energy that is available to do work.
heat
energy transferred from one system to another that is not work (energy of the molecules' motion or particles)
heat energy
total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction
induced fit
dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify their structures to allow for ideal binding
kinetic energy
energy type that takes place with objects or particles in motion
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism
phosphoanhydride bond
bond that connects phosphates in an ATP molecule
potential energy
energy type that has the potential to do work; stored energy
Substrate
molecule on which an enzyme acts
thermodynamics
study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter
transition state
high-energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product) occurring during a chemical reaction
glucose: ATP
Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _________ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _________molecule.
This is an anabolic process
DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process?
i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic
Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: i. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end, ii. the moment that it is in the
endergonic reactions have a positive ??G and exergonic reactions have a negative ??G.; endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy; Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an acti
What are of the comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reacationsis ?
Compare their reaction rates
What is the best ways to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions?
solar panels at work, formation of static electricity
What are examples of an energy transformation?
i. low, ii. high, iii. low
In each of the three systems, determine the state of entropy (low or high) when comparing the first and second: i. the instant that a perfume bottle is sprayed compared with 30 seconds later, ii. an old 1950s car compared with a brand new car, iii. a livi
providing energy to coupled reactions
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is _______.
sucrose
Which molecule is likely to have the most potential energy?
they are usually made of amino acids, they lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, and each one is specific to the particular substrater(s) to which it binds
What is a true statement about enzymes?
Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate
An allosteric inhibitor does what?
A hug between two people
What is a good example of analogy to describe induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding?
Physical exercise is a process in which a lot of energy is required. This is clear in the example of catabolism, as complex molecules like glycogen are broken down to glucose. This glucose undergoes further catabolic reactions to produce adensosine tripho
Does physical exercise involve anabolic and/or catabolic processes? Give evidence for your answer.
All living organisms require energy to perform tasks. Tasks that require energy are to perform heavy labor and exercise. Humans require energy for thinking and for sleeping as well. Living cells use energy on a continuous basis. The movement of cilia and
Name two different cellular functions that require energy that parallel human energy-requiring functions.
A reaction that occurs under a given set of conditions without intervention is called as spontaneous. In this, the overall entrophy will show an increase. Moreover, the Gibbs energy is negative. A reaction is instantaneous if the rate occurs suddenly and
Explain in your own words the difference between a spontaneous reaction and one that occurs instantaneously, and what causes this difference.
Reactions that have a negative ??G and release free energy are called exergonic reactions. In this case, the products of reaction have less energy than reactants. Reactions that have positive ??G and absorbs energy are called as endergonic reactions. When
Describe the position of the transition state on a vertical energy scale, from low to high, relative to the position of the reactants and products, for both endergonic and exergonic reactions.
Entrophy is state of disorder or randomness in the system under a fixed composition, volume, energy, pressure. The ant farm had a low entropy before the earthquake as the system of tunnels and passageways are highly ordered. But after the earthquake, the
Imagine an elaborate ant farm with tunnels and passageways through the sand where ants live in a large community. Now imagine that an earthquake shook the ground and demolished the ant farm. In which of these two scenarios, before or after the earthquake,
The second law of thermodynamics states that total energy of an isolated system will never decrease but either increases or remains constant in ideal cases where the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium. If we consider the case when food is being cooked
Energy transfers take place constantly in everyday activities. Think of two scenarios; cooking on a stove and driving. Explain how the second law of thermodynamics applies to these two scenarios.
Vitamins are essential compounds that are acquired through diet as the body cannot synthesize on its own. The vitamins also play an indirect role in catalysis which the enzymes speed up chemical reactions. But vitamins require to convert to coenzyme to pa
With regards to enzymes, why are vitamins necessary for good health? Give examples.
Enzyme activity is regulated by molecules in many ways. Those molecules are either pharmaceutically produced or are non-pharmaceutical drugs or toxins from the environment. It could be the cellular metabolic reactions itself.
Enzyme regulation is taken ca
Explain in your own words how enzyme feedback inhibition benefits a cell.