All chemical reactions in an organism that transform energy do (2/ and define them)
energy - Ability to do work
work - move an object against an opposing force
What are the 2 types of energy?
kinetic and potential
There are 4 subgroups in kinetic energy. What are they and what are they the movement of?
1. electrical - movement of charged particles
2. light - movement of photons
3. mechanical - movement of objects
4. heat - movement of molecules
There are 3 subgroups in potential energy. What are they and give examples.
1. gravitational - bowling ball on a shelf
2. elastic - rubber band that is stretched
3. chemical - energy in bonds between atoms of a molecule
Energy Transformations:
1. Electrical Energy - (_______ + _________)
2. Chemical - (_______ + _________)
1. Electrical Energy - (light + heat)
2. Chemical - (mechanical + heat)
first law of thermodynamics
Quantity of energy in the universe is constant
(Basically, energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed)
second law of thermodynamics
Quality of universe is not constant - amount of random molecular movement is increased.
Entropy of Universe rises (amount of energy that can't do work)
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?
exergonic; endergonic
Exergonic - reactions that give _______ energy
They are spontaneous or not spontaneous
They go from COMPLEX molecules to SIMPLER molecules
*equal
out
Spontaneous
Endergonic - reactions that require an _____ of energy
They are spontaneous or not spontaneous
SIMPLE molecules to COMPLEX molecules
*equal
input
not spontaneous
Anabolism
(Endergonic)
Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
Catabolism
(Exergonic)
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
In living things, we lower the _________ _______
(use catalysts)
refer to barrier
activation energy