Authority of law enforcement officers is limited by?
-constitution
-court decisions
-federal/state laws
-department policies
-jurisdiction: general jurisdiction of police officers is limited to the area governed by their employer
Bow street runners
-first modern detective force
-Henry Fielding established a small group of volunteer home owners to "take thieves
Robert Peel
-First police reformer
-contributed to the subsequent development of police organizations and criminal investigation in the U.S.
-metropolitan police act of 1829
-constables were known as bobbies
Forensic Science
-the understanding and incorporation of several disciplines to study physical evidence related to crime (geology, physics, chem, bio, math)
Pinkerton's National Detective Agency
-major private detective agency formed by Allen Pinkerton
-formed in chicago
Rogues' gallery
-NY city police department set up photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal specialty and height.
Three major scientific systems for personal identification for criminals.
-Anthropometry: rather short lived
-Dactylography: fingerprint identification
-Deoxyribonucelid acid DNA: contemporary development
Anthropometry
-developed by Alphonse Bertillon:father of criminal identification
-based on the fact that every human being differs from every other one in the exact measurements of their body
Dactylography
-the study of fingerprints
-Herschel claimed credit for the discovery before Faulds
The West case
-will west and william west.
-Incident accelerated the recognition that fingerprints were superior to antrhopometry as a system of identification
DNA typing
-dna as a blueprint
-deoxyribonucleic acid
-determines everything from hair color to susceptibility to diseases
-with the exception of identical twins, every person has distinctive DNA
The Enderby cases
-first use of DNA typing in a criminal case was in England
Palo verde seedpod case
-investigators found 2 seedpods from a palo verde tree in the bed of the suspects truck
-A U of A plant geneticist was asked to determine if the seedpods came from a palo verde tree at the scene.
-the geneticist was able to exactly match the seedpods from