Criminal Justice

Pretrial Procedures

-Legal and administrative actions that take place after arrest and before trial, including grand jury indictments, preliminary hearings, bail, and plea negotiations
-important component of justice process because majority of all criminal cases are resolve

procedures following arrest

1. complaint
2. indictment or
3. information
4. arraignment

Complaint

-A sworn written statement addressed to a court or judge by the police, prosecutor, or an individual alleging that an individual has committed an offense and requesting indictment and prosecution
-paper filled up by police saying we have arrested this guy

Arraignment

-Initial trial court appearance, in which the accused is read the charges, advised of his/her rights, and asked to enter a plea
-comes after grand jury or Preliminary Hearing
-defendant informed of charges, appoint counsel, set bail, enter plea
-effective

Bail

-The monetary amount required for pretrial release, normally set by the judge at the initial appearance
-The purpose of _______ is to ensure the return of the accused at subsequent proceedings
-amount of money that serves as a bond to ensure the accused w

excessive bail

-8th amendment= legal right to bail
-when bail exceeds the amount reasonably calculated to ensure that the defendant will return for trial because if they dont show up they have to pay the entire amount of money which is an excessive amount that they prob

making bail

-2/3 of felony defendants are released for bail
-crime type: if bad crime they wont get bail
-prior record: if have record they are less likely to have bail
-flight risk: if citizen of another country or likely to flee wont get bail
-dangerousness: if a t

types of bail

1. full cash bail
2. deposit bail
3. surety bail
4. conditional bail
5. unsecured bail
6. release on recognizance

full cash bail

-defendant pays the full bail amount out of pocket

deposit bail

-defendant deposits a percentage of the bail amount with the court
-if he appears in court he gets his deposit back if he doesnt show up he owes the entire amount of bail

surety bail

-defendant pays a percentage of the bond to a bonding agent who deposits the full bail
-the fee paid to the agent is not returned to the defendant if he doesnt show up in court so then the agent has to pay the entire amount of bail
-if that happens the ag

conditional bail

-the defendant is released after promising to abide by some specified conditions instead of cash EX: promising to attend a treatment program prior to trial

unsecured bond

-the defendant is released with no immediate requirement of payment but if he fails to appear he pays the full amount

release on recognizance

-eligible defendants are released without bail upon their promise to return for trial
-A pretrial release in which a defendant with ties to the community is not required to post bail but promises to appear at all subsequent proceedings

Avertable Recidivist

-A person whose crime would have been prevented if he or she had not been given discretionary release and instead had been kept behind bars (while on bail); typically young, male, minority groups

Preventative Detention

-The statutory authorization to deny bail to a particular individual who is considered dangerous or a flight risk for their own protection and of the community; ****want to keep bad people behind bars for as long as possible so they cant hurt people

Presentment

-The report of a grand jury investigation, which usually includes a recommendation of indictment and its findings after investigation

Pretrial Detainees

-People who are either denied bail or cannot afford to post bail before trial and are kept in secure confinement which leads to them more likely to become convicted of crime accused for and more likely to have a longer prison sentence= bad if you cant pay

indictment process

-grand jury
-proving to an objective body that probable cause exists to believe 1. a crime has occurred and 2. accused should stand trial for that trial
-if grand jury said there was no probable cause the prosecutor can bring in more evidence

Indictment

-A written accusation returned by a grand jury, charging an individual with a specified crime after determination of probable cause
-presented by prosecutor asking if they believe there is or isnt probable cause by grand jury

no bill

-NO probable cause
-The action by a grand jury when it votes to not indict an accused suspect

true bill

-IS probable cause
-The action by a grand jury when it votes to indict an accused suspect

Exculpatory Evidence

-All information that is material and favorable to the accused defendant because it casts doubt on the defendants guilt or on the evidence the government intends to use at trial; (evidence that can clear a defendant from blame or fault)

Preliminary Hearing

-A hearing before a magistrate to determine whether the government has sufficient evidence to show probable cause that the defendant has committed the crime

information process

-preliminary hearing is set by the judge
-prosecutor presents information to judge wanting him to accept it to show evidence that the accused is guilty
-defendant can participate and cross examine so favorable- NOT with grand jury
-if found innocent prose

Information

-A formal charging document, similar to an indictment, based on probable cause as determined at a preliminary hearing by a judge

the plea

-guilty
-not guilty
-nolo contendre

Nolo Contendre

-A plea of "no contest" - the defendant submits to sentencing without any formal admission of guilt that could be used against him or her in a subsequent civil suit
-Not saying "guilty" or "not guilty", but basically admitting guilt without pleading guilt

nature of plea bargain (plea guilty)

-reduction of charges
-reduction of number of counts
-recommendation of leniency (ex: probation)
-alteration of charges (ex: if had charge with bad label like child molestation, judge will change to socially acceptable one like assault)

if got rid of plea bargain what would happen

-number of trials will increase
-speedy trial problems under 6th amendment

Bench Trial

-The trial of a criminal matter by a judge only
-The accused waives any constitutional rights to a jury trial

Verdict

-The findings (decision) of a jury or judge on questions of fact at a trial

Adjudication

-The determining of guilt or innocence
-a judgment concerning criminal charges

legal rights to a jury trial

1. impartial judge= direct, personal, substantial pecuniary interest in reaching a conclusion against a defendant in his case
2. competency= if defendant is considered mentally incompetent his trial will be postponed until treatment renders him capable of

Confrontation Clause

-The constitutional right of a defendant to see and cross-examine all the witnesses against him or her

Hearsay Evidence

-Testimony that is not firsthand, but rather, relays information told by a second party

Compulsory Process

-Compelling the production of a witness or evidence via a subpoena

First Amendment

-The amendment to the US Constitution that guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly, and the right of the people to petition the government for redress of grievances

Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

-The standard of proof needed to convict in a criminal case. The evidence in court does not have to amount to absolute certainty, but it should leave no suspicion that the defendant did not commit the alleged crime

Preponderance of the Evidence

-The level of proof in civil cases; more than half the evidence supports the allegations of one side

trial process (know order!!!)

-jury selection
-opening statements
-the prosecutions case
-the criminal defense
-closing arguments
-instructions to the jury
-deliberation and verdict
-the sentence
-appeals

Venire

-The group called for jury duty from which jury panels are selected
-jury array to choose 12
-jury selection

Voir Dire

-The process in which a potential jury panel is questioned by the prosecution and the defense in order to select jurors who are unbiased and objective
-process of selecting jurors, can interact with the potential jurors, make strikes to knock people out
-

Challenge for Cause

-Dismissal of a prospective juror by either the prosecution or the defense because he or she is biased, has prior knowledge of the case, or for other reasons that demonstrate the individuals inability to render a fair and impartial judgment
-unlimited cha

Peremptory Challenges

-Dismissal of a prospective juror by the prosecution or the defense for unexplained, discretionary reasons
-limited number of challenges
-jury selection

Direct Examination

-The initial questioning of one's own witness during a trial
-prosecutions case

Cross-Examination

-The questioning of a prosecutions witness by the defense, or vice versa
-prosecutions case

Directed Verdict

-A judge's order directing a jury to acquit a defendant because the state has not proved the elements of the crime or otherwise has not established guilt according to the law
-dismiss him from criminal case bc prosecutor had strong evidence
-criminal defe

Jury Nullification

-A jury's refusal to render a verdict according to the law and fact, regardless of the evidence presented and render their decisions based on emotion and personal preference- asked by defense
-deliberation and verdict

Appeal

-A request for an appellate court to examine a lower court's decision in order to determine whether proper procedures were followed

Writ of Habeas Corpus

-A judicial order requesting that a person who detains another person produce the body of the prisoner and give reasons for his or her capture or detention. "________________" is a legal device used to request that a judicial body review the reasons for a

batson vs. kentucky

-peremptory challenges issue
-the use of peremptory challenges based solely on race is unconsitutional
-use of peremptory challenges by pro se violates constitutional rights of solely seen on race

punishment in Greece and Rome

-most common state administered punishment was banishment or exile
-only slaves had harsh punishments
-ancient people used economic punishments like fines for crimes like assault on a slave, arson, or house breaking

middle ages punishment

-little government control
-offenses were settle by blood feuds carried out by the families of injured parties
-later used fines or exchange of land for minimal bloodshed
-purpose of a fine was to pacify the injured party and ensure that the conflict woul

common law

-execution, banishment, mutilation, branding, and flogging were used on offenders to act as a deterrent but they used it more for retribution in public rather than a deterrent effect
-criminal wealthy could buy their way out of punishment and into exile
-

history of punishment and transportation

-public work and transportation to colonies
-punishment changed to meet demands of social conditions
-brideswell: workhouse in London and was eventually built in all england counties
-american revolution: ended transportation of felons to north america bu

Penitentiary

-A state or federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for terms of one year or more
-liberal reforms
-primary mode of punishment in the US since its inroduction

General Deterrence

-A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties (- People should be punished to set an example for others, one persons punishment deters other
-should be proportionate and balanced
- doesnt work well in reality)
-measures like long

Incapacitation

-The policy of keeping dangerous criminals in confinement to reduce the risk of their repeating offense in society
-preventing crime by keeping offenders under control
-mandatory sentence will keep people from hurting again
-evidence is mixed
-diminishing

specific deterrence

-a crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity
-the experience of suffering punishment should stop future law violations
-68% of those released were recidi

Just Desert/ retribution

-The philosophy of justice asserting that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished
-The severity of the punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the crime= PUNISHMENT SHOULD FIT THE CRIME
-depends on how blame worthy

rehabilitation

-the justice system is obligated to help these unfortunate people and not simply punish them for their misdeeds
-proper treatment will prevent future crimes
-better for the criminal to help them and make them better and integrate them back into society ra

diversion

-sparing non dangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction and further involvement with the justice process
-unfair to label criminals bc it makes it harder to integrate back into society

equity/ restitution

-pay back victims, justice system, and society
-looking to make victim compensate for what they did wrong so have to restore what you did and help the victim while court is watching over you

Equity

-The action or practice of awarding each person his or her just due (PAY BACK VICTIMS FOR THEIR LOSS)
-Sanctions based on "_______" seek to compensate individual victims and the general society for their losses due to crime

restoration

-not looking to incapacitate or deter them, they want to help the criminal, heal the wound caused by the crime, and heal the criminal, victim, and society (HEALING PROCESS)
-typical in europe
-restore the offender to good standing in society

Concurrent Sentences

-Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served simultaneously and run together

Consecutive Sentence

-Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts, served one right after the other

effect of good time

-only with determinate sentences
-reduction in sentence for good behavior
-standard good time: have ability as an inmate to collect good time which can take time off your sentence if you are well behaved for 30 days you could get so many days of good time

Determinate Sentence

-A fixed term of incarceration, such as three years imprisonment
-"___________________" is felt by many to be too restrictive for rehabilitate purposes
-a fixed number of years to be served by the offender sentenced to prison for a particular crime
-less

indeterminate sentencing

-offenders are placed in confinement only until they are rehabilitated and then released on parole
-stated minimum and maximum sentence for particular criminals
-judges have flexibility to see how much time each individual has and has lots of discretion t

judges discretion (most to least)

-indeterminate
-determinate (sentencing guidelines)
-mandatory

Sentencing Guidelines

-A set of standards that defines parameters for trial judges to follow in their sentencing decisions
-regulate the length of determinate sentences
-curb judicial discretion
-created sentencing commissions
-given by legislature, general rules to follow whe

sentencing grid

-one method of guidelines is to see their prior record and current offense as 2 coordinates and set out specific punishments (prior record and current offense)

legal challenges and their impact

-case US v. Booker that eliminated that the guidelines are mandatory and can just be used to advise the judge but if they deviate too much from them you must give a reason why you chose what you did

Mandatory Sentence

-A statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be set and carried out in all cases upon conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses
-fixed prison sentence for certain crimes
-limits judicial discretion
-chronic recidivists: mandatory m

three strikes law

-long prison sentences for any person convicted of 3 felony offenses throughout their life

Truth In Sentencing

-A sentencing scheme requiring that offenders serve at least 85% of their original sentence before being eligible for parole or other forms of early release
-require offenders serve a substantial amount of sentence
-elimination or reduction of parole and

what factors affect sentencing

-severity if the offense
-offenders prior criminal record
-whether the offender used violence
-whether the offender used weapons
-whether the crime was committed for money

extralegal factors affecting sentencing (if judges have discretion will take them into consideration to affect sentencing NOT with mandatory)

-social class: poor people have longer sentences than wealthy
-gender: women are more likely to receive better sentencing than men
-age: older defendants have shorter sentences than younger
-victim characteristics: sentences reduced if have negative quali

Chivalry Hypothesis

-The view that the low rates of crime and delinquency among females reflect the leniency with which female offenders are treated

Victim Impact Statement

-A post conviction statement by the victim of a crime or the victim's family that may be used to guide sentencing decisions

capital punishment

-death penalty
-seen dramatic increase of people in death row but DNA cases show they did NOT commit the crime but usually found after they were killed
-***only allowed when aggravated factor is present and there was intentional murder
-arbitrary and inco

Brutalization Effect

-The belief that capital punishment creates an atmosphere of brutality that enhances, rather than reduces, the level of violence in society. The death penalty reinforces the view that violence is an appropriate response to provocation

Furman vs. Georgia

-about death penalty
-decisions was the death penalty as applied in 3 georgia cases is unconstitutional
-invalidated death penalty; DEATH PENALTY WAS THEN ILLEGAL FOR 4 Years
-Said that the existing death penalty statute is too arbitrary

Gregg vs. Georgia

-about death penalty; Case in which the Death Penalty came back, but had the AGGREGATED FACTORS ADDED TO IT
-decision was the death penalty does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment in all circumstances
-1st time could look at georgias death penalt

restrictions of capital punishment

-intentional/felony murder
-rape
-mentally ill
-age (under 18)

Hulk

-Mothballed ship used to house prisoners in eighteenth-century England

virginia colony

-where the first jail was in james city called the gurney unit
-medium security jail

Pennsylvania

-william penn was the founder of the colony and he forbid torture and mutilation and physical punishment
-eliminated harsh physical punishments and substituted them with imprisonment
-people were angry because they did not want to pay money for a place fo

quakers

-pennysilvania originally
-refusal to be in war or the military
-plain dress
-no oath serving
-opposition to slavery
-pro prison reform and pro social injustice

18th century pennsylvania

-again adopted william penns code
-quakers resulted in limiting death penalty to treason, arson, murder, and rape

walnut street jail

-1st jail
-solitary cells and remained in isolation and did not have the right to work
-***birthplace of the modern prison system and of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement

penitentiary houses

-a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
-quarters that contained the solitary or separate cells

pennsylvania system

-attempted to isolate prisoners by themselves so they can think about the bible and not be near others to get more ideas about crime
-quakers believed it was the best way to reform people and rehabilitate them by reading the bible and NOT speaking to othe

quaker approach

-individualizing sentence reading bible keeping to yourself

eastern state penitentiary

-1st large scale facility to have restrictions of:
1. no corporal punishment
2. isolation
3. silence
4. had to wear hoods when left cell so could not look at other prisoners or guards

auburn system

-a prison system, developed in NY during the 19th century, based on congregate group working during the day and separation at night
-have own cells and cant communicate
-use of prisoners to do congregate work but in silence
-military approach: prisoners m

tier system

-a type of prison in which cells are located along corridors in multiple layers or levels
-auburn system

congregate system

-a prison system, originated in NY in auburn system, in which inmates worked and ate together during the day then slept in solitary cells at night

Jail

-A correctional facility designed to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanors serving their criminal sentence

5 primary purposes of jails

1. detain accused offenders: if arrested and cant make bail
2. hold convicted offenders: dont have room in prison
3. confinement for misdemeanor offenders: jail time can be someones sentence
4. probation/ parole violations: if bust restrictions can go to

reasons for increase in jail populations

-prison overcrowding
-mandatory jail time
-as mandatory sentences increase, judicial discretion decreases, jail/prison population increases
-decline in crime in 1995-present but increase in jail population
-men, poor, racial, and ethnic minorities are ove

jail conditions

-low priority: least amount of money spent on them so get low qualified candidates
-physical deterioration
-mental illness: 2/3 inmates have illness but dont have doctors in jail to help
-suicide: rates are high

new generation jails

-continuous observation: direct or indirect
-officers in pods

direct observation

-officer is actually out in the pod with the prisoners with no protection
-led to decline in recidivism rates

indirect supervision

-the officer is enclosed but can see out where the prisoners are
-typically when with violent prisoners

Prison

-A correctional facility designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentence

Contract System

-A prison industry system, widely employed until after the Civil War, in which officials sold the labor of prison inmates to private businesses, for use either inside or outside the prison; A warden would hire out his prisoners to someone who would pay a

Convict-Lease System

-A contract system in which a private business leased prisoners from the state for a fixed annual fee and assumed full responsibility for their supervision and control; Inmates were sent to a plantation or factories and they took supervision over you (pri

Public Account System

-A prison industry system, popular after the Civil War, in which employment was directed by the state and products of the prisoners' labor was sold for the benefit of the state

Medical Model

-A view of corrections holding that convicted offenders are victims of their environment who need care and treatment to transform them into valuable members of society

types of prisons

-super max security prison
-maximum security prison
-medium security prison
-minimum security prison

super maximum security prison

-a form of a maximum security prison which uses high level security measures to incapacitate the nations most dangerous criminals
-most inmates are in lock down 23 hours a day
-only on Federal level, incapacitate only, not rehabilitating, all want to do i

maximum security prison

-a correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measures, high walls, and limited contact with the outside world
-serious dangerous prisoners, high level of security, limited visitations, high walls

medium security prison

-a less secure institution that houses nonviolent offenders and provides more opportunities for contact with the outside world
-not too many violent criminals, guards have guns, guard towers, more visitations, rehabilitation

minimum security prison

-the least secure correctional institution, which houses white collar and nonviolent offenders, maintains few security measures, and has liberal furlough and visitation policies
-business men- white collar criminals, furlough prisons= go to work during th

alternative correction institution= private prison

-run by private companies not state or gov
-private sectors can run things more efficiently and at a lower cost
-problems: worried about how they will look at the prisoners and how will work with them or if they dont want to work; profit making enterprise

inmate proportions

-disproportionately young, male, minority, and poor

why has the prison population continued to grow as crime rates drop

-offenders returning to prison
-tougher criminal laws
-reduction in judicial discretion

boot camp

-a short term, militaristic correction facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipling

shock incarceration

-a short term correctional program based on a boot camp approach that makes use of a military like regime of high intensity physical training

community treatment

-the attempt by correction agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community rather than in a secure facility
-it includes probation, parole, and residential programs

halfway house

-a community based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright release so that they can become gradually acclimated to conventional society

- Crime Type
- Prior Record
- Flight Risk
- Dangerousness
- Probation/Parole Status

What are the factors in deciding bail or even to allow bail?

- Bias against the poor
- People who can't make bail are usually in jobs where they can't afford to miss work
- Costs money to keep somebody in county jail
- Favors people with money

What are the problems with bail?

- Full cash bail
- Deposit bail
- Surety bail (most common)
- Conditional bail
- Unsecured bond
- Release on recognizance

What are the different types of bail?

Allows prosecutors to spend more time and resources on bigger trials

Why is plea bargaining good?

25% of people on death row have plead guilty and given a false confession, unfair use of prosecutorial discretion

What are the cons of plea bargaining?

When you waive your right to counsel and represent yourself

What is Pro Se Representation?

Offenders placed in confinement and rehabilitated, stated minimum and maximum, minimum never changes

What are Indeterminate Sentences?

It leads to sentence disparity. Which is when John, a black man, commits burglary in Dallas and is sentenced to 15 years. Compared to Bill, a white man, commits the exact same burglary in Houston but is only sentenced to 5 years

What is a downside to indeterminate sentences?

A fixed term of years to be served by the offender sentenced to prison for a particular time

What is a determinate sentence?

Guidelines that give direction to judges that help them make their decision on sentencing

What are sentencing guidelines?

The federal sentencing guidelines were taken up to the US Supreme Court because they are taking the judge's discretion away and violating defendant's right to a fair trial. Supreme Court said sentencing guidelines were unconstitutional but only that requi

What are the details of the Supreme Court Case US v. Booker (2004)?

Prior record and current offense

What does the Sentencing Grid judge on?

Mandatory sentences

What would do away with sentence disparity?

27

How many states have three strike laws on the books?

After your third felony strike and there is not a time limit set by state laws, even if it is a very minor felony, you serve a very lengthy prison sentence

What is the three strike policy?

- By the time you get to your third felony, many people have aged out of crime. Really not posing that big of a threat to society
- Criminals underestimate the risks of committing crime, overestimate the benefits. Because of those deficiencies should we t

What are some problems with the three strike policy?

- Severity of the offense
- Prior criminal record
- Used violence while committing crime
- Used weapons while committing crime
- If the crime was committed for money

What factors affect sentencing?

- Social class
- Gender
- Age
- Victim characteristics
- Race

What are the negative factors that aren't supposed to affect sentencing?

Can only be instituted when you have an intentional 1st degree murder and aggravating circumstances present

When can capital punishment be instituted?

It narrowed the circumstances on what can implement the death penalty

What were the details of the Supreme Court case Furman v. Georgia?

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

What was the first capital murder case to make it back up to the Supreme Court after the new narrowed "aggravating circumstances"?

- Intentional/Felony murder (Robbing a bank and accidentally killing somebody, still subject to capital punishment)
- Rape (Rapists can no longer be sentenced to death)
- The mentally ill can not be sentenced to death
- Under 18 or 17 years of age you can

What are the new restrictions on capital punishment?

James City, in the Virginia Colony

Where was the very first jail in the US Colonies?

The Quakers

What group of people were very pro prison reform?

William Penn

Who in the Pennsylvania Colony was the leader of corrections reform?

- Reduce physical punishments
- Build buildings called "Houses of Corrections" to send people for rehabilitation and correction

What did William Penn want to do to reform corrections?

Walnut Street Jail in Pennsylvania

Where is considered the "birthplace of the modern prison system"?

- Eastern State Penitentiary
- No corporal punishment
- Isolation
- Silence
- Hoods (If you leave your cell you must wear a hood to avoid corruption by other inmates)

What is the "Pennsylvania System"?

The Quakers wanting "penitent" reflection in jail, feeling sorry for what you have done and repenting your sins

Where did the term "Penitentiary" come from?

- Founded in Auburn, NY
- Whole system built on labor of inmates, working together in complete silence
- Military regimentation
- Silence at night
- Used fear of punishment to control inmates, physical punishments
- Most popular and widely used prison sys

What is the "Auburn System"?

- Auburn System relies on inmates working together, Pennsylvania keeps inmates separated
- Auburn System enforces with physical punishments, Pennsylvania does not
- Auburn System jails are using the tier system, Pennsylvania System jails only have one lev

What are the differences between the Pennsylvania System and the Auburn System?

The Auburn System made jails money, they sold the goods that inmates made. Also, they saved money on hiring outside help to repair things in the jail by having inmates repair it themselves

Why was the Auburn System more widely adopted than the Pennsylvania System?

1) Detain accused offenders
2) Hold convicted offenders
3) Confinement for misdemeanor offenders
4) Probation/Parole violators
5) Prison overcrowding

What are the five primary purposes for jails?

775,000

About how many people are in jail across the US?

The crime rate has actually decreased

What is odd about the increase in jail populations since 1995?

- Men
- Poor people
- Ethnic minorities

What groups of people are overrepresented in jail?

1) Prison overcrowding
2) Mandatory jail time

What are 2 reasons for the increase in jail populations?

- Improving conditions is low priority
- Physical deterioration
- People who are mentally ill are put in jails instead of prisons
- Higher rates of suicides (Jails have the highest rates of suicide than the entire country)

What are the conditions in jails across the US?

Continuous observation and Pod style living

What is good about New-Generation jails?

- Direct - Face to face observation and a view in every cell in the pod
- Indirect - Supervision from a safe room, keeping guards from contact with inmates but can still monitor inmates

What are the two types of continuous observation?

- Communal areas in the middle of a group of cells where inmates can converse

What is the pod style living in new-generation jails?

- Maximum Security Prisons
- Super Maximum Security Prisons
- Medium Security Prisons
- Minimum Security Prisons

What are the types of prisons?

High walls with razor wire, guards armed heavily

What are the characteristics of a Maximum Security Prison?

The worst of the worst criminals, organized crime, spies, domestic and foreign terrorists
The US's main Super Max is in Florence, Colorado

What are the characteristics of a Super Maximum Security Prison?

- Will the company sweep inmate injuries under the rug to avoid defunding?
- They do not have Constitutional obligation to treat inmates fairly
- Will they cut corners in order to make a profit? (Serving potentially harmful low-cost food to inmates to sav

What are the concerns of letting private corporations run a prison?