The process of - determines a substance's physical or chemical identity with as near absolute certainty as existing analytical techniques will permit
identification
the number and type of tests needed to identify a substance must be sufficient to - all other substances from consideration
exclude
A(n) - analysis subjects a suspect specimen and a stand/reference specimen to the same tests and examination in order to determine whether they have a common origin
comparison
- is the frequency of occurrence of an event
probability
evidence that can be traced to a common source with an extremely high degree of probably is said to possess - characteristics
individual
evidence associated with a group and not with a single source is said to possess - characteristics
class
true or false: one of the major deficiencies of forensic science is the inability of the examiner to assign exact or approximate probability values to the comparison of most class physical evidence
true
The value of class physical evidence lies in its ability to - events with data in a manner that is, as nearly as possible, free of human error and bias
corroborate
the - accorded physical evidence during a trial is left entirely to the trier of fact
significance
true or false: physical evidence cannot be used to exclude or exonerate a person from suspicion of committing a crime
false
true or false: the distinction between individual and class evidence is always easy to make
false
modern analytical techniques have become so sensitive that the forensic examiner must be aware of the - among materials when interpreting the significance of comparative data.
natural variation
True or false: a fingerprint can be positively identified through the IAFIS database
false
A database applicable to DNA profiling is
CODIS
When - sets in after death, the skin appears dark blue or purple in the areas closest to the ground
livor mortis
True or False: one method for approximating the time of death is to determine body temperature
true
- involves the study of medicine as it relates to the application of the law, most often pertaining to the investigation of sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths
forensic pathology
the cause of death, whether natural, homicide, suicide, accident, or undetermined, is normally determined by performing a(n) - and investigating the circumstances surrounding the death
autopsy
in determining time of death, - occurs after death and results in the stiffening of body parts int he position they are in when death occurs, - occurs after death and results int he settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground, and - refer
rigor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis
another approach for estimating the time of death is to determine potassium levels in the - fluid
ocular
the field of - takes advantage of the durable nature of bones over long periods of time to examine and identify human skeletal remains through a multitude of individual characteristics
forensic anthropology
female bone structure differs form male bone structure within the - area because of a woman's childbearing capabilities
pelvic
a forensic anthropologist may also help create a(n) - of the decedent from which a composite drawing of the victim can be drawn and advertised in a attempt to identify the victim
facial reconstruction
True or False: definite identification of remains cannot be made through the analysis of the decedent's DNA profile, fingerprints, or medical records
false
True or False: Sites where human remains are found must be treated as a crime scene, and the site and surrounding areas should be secured, searched, and carefully processes
True
Once all bones and other evidence are found at a "tomb" site, a(n) - should be made to show the exact location of each item
scene sketch
the study of insects and their relation to a criminal investigation, known as -, is commonly used to estimate the time of death when the circumstances surrounding the crime are unknown
forensic entomology
By determining the oldest stage of fly found not he body and taking environmental factors into consideration, entomologists can approximate the - interval
postmortem
entomological evidence collected at a scene should include samples from every area where insects are found and - measurements
temperature
True or False: Another method to determine PMI is by observing the schedule of arrival of different insect species on the body
true