crime
any act that the government has declared to be contrary to the public good.
Two major methods of measuring crime...
UCR Uniform crime reports, and the National Crime Victimization Survey
UCR (Uniform Crime Reports)
yearly collection of aggregate crime statistics prepared by the FBI based upon citizen's reports of crimes to the police.
National Crime Victimization Survey
National institute of justice survey of a random sample of US households, asking them if a crime was committed against anyone in the household during the prior six months.
For the latest reporting year, the US police made about _______ arrests for all criminal infractions
13.7 million
Without a _____ there is no crime
law
malum in se
crime that is "wrong in itself
malum prohibition
crime that is prohibited by statute
The US criminal justice system is based on the ....
Bill of Rights
The bill of rights is extended to...
the States
The due process clause
section of the fourteenth that protects all citizens of the US against any state depriving them of life, liberty, or property.
Judicial review
process by which actions of the police in areas such as arrests, search and seizure, and custodial interrogations are reviewed by the court system to ensure their constitutionality.
Exclusionary Rule
An interpretation of the US Constitution by the US Supreme court that holds that evidence seized in violation of the US Constitution cannot be used in court against a defendant.
Weeks v United States
FIRST CASE THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE WAS USED.
Freemont Weeks was arrested for conducting lottery out of his home. Evidence seized had him charged, but was overturned due to exclusionary rule.
Rochin v California
Rochin selling narcotics, has home entered without warrant. Swallowed pills, forced to go to hospital.
Mapp vs Ohio
Accused of bombing boxing promoters house, police forcibly entered home without warrant.
WOLF VS COLORADO
another case that involved exclusionary rule. Wolf accused of illegal abortionism, has book seized without warrant.
arrest-
the initial taking into custody of a person by law enforcement authorities to answer for a criminal offense or violation of a code or ordinance.
arrest is restricted by the___________
fifth amendment
probable cause
evidence that may lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed and that a certain person committed it.
reasonable suspicion
the standard of proof that is necessary for police officers to conduct stops and frisks.
probable cause is more than______
reasonable suspicion
Henry v United States
set the precedent that an arrest must be made on firmer grounds than mere suspicion, and that the 4th amendment applies to searches and seizes.
County of Riverside v McLaughlin
48 hour rule
Maryland v Pringle
probable cause case, involving cocaine and several people in a car.
Reasonable force
the amount of force an officer can use when making an arrest
Landmark US Supreme Court case relative to the use of deadly force by the police is
Tennessee vs Garner (1985)
Scott vs Harris
does not violate the 4th amendment
search and seizure
legal concept relating to the search for and confiscation of evidence by the police.
Canine sniffs...
are not controlled by the 4th amendment. created probable cause.
exigent circumstances
one of the major exceptions to the warrant requirement of the fourth amendment. Exigency defined as "emergency
the third degree
the pattern of brutality and violence used by the police to obtain confessions by suspects.
In Brown vs Mississippi ...
the supreme court put an end to the third degree.
Miranda vs Arizona
established citizens in custody must be read rights. (miranda rule)
habeas corpus
a writ requiring that an arrested person be brought before a court to determine whether he or she has been legally detained.
Lineup
police id procedure involving placing suspect with group of similar characteristics.
showup
id process involving bringing a suspect back to the scene of a crime where the suspect can be seen.
photo arrays
police id procedure where photos are shown.