t or f: psychopaths usually do NOT exhibit mental disorders.
true
juveniles that posses psychopathy-like characteristics, such as callous-unemotional (CU) traits, are believe to be particularly susceptible to ___________ throughout their lives.
antisocial behavior
psychopathy
a person who demonstrates a discernable cluster of psychological, interpersonal, and neurophysiological features that distinguish him or her from the general population
according to a study, psychopathic traits, such as charm and deception, do not lead to...
success in life
psychopaths usually score ______ on intelligence tests than the general public
higher
successful" psychopaths
psychopaths that engage in criminal behavior but do not get convicted
unsuccessful" psychopaths
psychopaths that engage in criminal behavior and get convicted
Robert Hare
one of the world's leading experts on psychopathy
Robert Hare's 3 categories of psychopaths
1. the primary psychopath
2. the secondary psychopath
3. the dyssocial psychopath
the primary psychopath
a "true" psychopath, has certain identifiable psychological, emotional, cognitive, and biological differences that distinguish him or her from the general or criminal population
the secondary psychopath
commit antisocial or violent acts because of severe emotional problems or inner conflicts. they are sometimes called acting-out neurotics, neurotic delinquents, symptomatic psychopaths, or simply emotionally disturbed offenders
the dyssocial psychopath
displays aggressive, antisocial behavior they have learned from their subculture, like their gangs r families
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood (APA, 1994)
antisocial personalities
fail to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors. they may repeatedly perform acts that are grounds for arrest, such as destroying property, harassing others, stealing, or pursuing illegal occupations. (APA, 1994)
criminal psychopath
those primary psychopaths who do engage in repetitive antisocial or criminal behavior, though it is not necessarily violent.
Hervey Cleckley
a well known psychiatrist who coauthored the book "the three faces of eve" with Corbett Thigpen. the book was about "multiple personality" - describes in clear and empirically useful terms the major behaviors demonstrated by the full fledged or primary ps
HARE PCL CHECKLIST
- glibness/superficial charm
- grandiose sense of self-worth
- pathological lying
- cunning/ manipulative
- lack of remorse or guilt
- shallow affect
- callous, lack of empathy
- failure to accept responsibility for actions
- promiscuous sexual behavior
-
CLECKLEY'S PRIMARY PSYCHOPATH DESCRIPTION
- superficial charm and good intelligence
- pathological egocentricity
- untruthfullness and insincerity
- manipulative
- lack of remorse or guilt
- general poverty of affective reactions
- unresponsiveness in interpersonal relationships
- unreliability
-
The mask of sanity
by Hervey Cleckley, 1941. provided the first detailed clinical descriptions, 16 characteristics of psychopaths, major impact on what we think of psychopathy.
pathological egocentricity
really, really into themselves
what does the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) measure?
a constellation of emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral characteristics
t or f: the PCL focuses on all types of psychopathy
false, only criminal psychopathy
t or f: psychopathy isn't in the DSM
true
PCL-R
20 items (criteria/traits), scored using file info & semi-structured interview, each item follows 3-point scaled: 0,1, or 2. psychopathy on a continuum/spectrum: scores range from 0 to 40, cut off score is usually 25 to 33.
criminal psychopathy
1% of the general population, 15-20% of the adult prison population, commit a disproportionate amount of crime in society, high recidivism rates
in comparison to male psychopaths, female psychopaths may...
be less violent, start their offending later in life, and recidivate less.
Psychopathy Checklist - Youth version (PCL-YV) is not effective in identifying...
relationship to psychopathy and antisocial behavior in adolescent girls
psychopathy behavior results from a complex interaction between _______ and ___________ factors
neuropsychological, socialization
radicalization
an individual's indoctrination to fully embrace a terrorist group's ideology and mission to gradually embrace the level of violence necessary to reach the group's goals.
risky shift
the tendency of groups to develop beliefs and make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
fail-safe procedures
ensure the mission is completed; increase the individual's commitment; "living martyr"; back-up remote control detonation
special interest extremists
activities revolve round one issue about which they are passionate, includes radical environmental groups
rationally motivated terrorists
those who consider the goals of the organization and the possible consequences of their actions; typically try to avoid loss of life, ex. weather underground
psychologically motivated terrorists
driven by "a profound sense of failure or inadequacy for which the perpetrators may seek redress through revenge; especially drawn to groups with a charismatic leader.
culturally motivated terrorists
driven by fear of irreparable damage to their way of living, national heritage, or culture done by an organization, foreign country, or powerful factions; most often has to do with religion
t or f: Terrorists general are more emotionally unstable than most violent offenders
false
t or f: Most terrorists are the ages between 20-29
true
t or f: There are just as many female terrorists as there as male terrorists
false
t or f: Terrorists are disproportionately more likely to be of lower socioeconomic status
false
domestic terrorism
Groups or an individuals based and operating entirely within the United States or its territories without foreign direction. EG: Political and religious white supremacists
international terrorism
violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the united states or any state and under the direction for a foreign government, group, organization or person. World trade towers or Paris attack.
right-wing terrorists
extremist groups or individuals that generally adhere to an antigovernment racist ideology and often engage in a variety of hate crimes and violence.
left-wing extremists terrorists
When political activism (ie. that targets discrimination, environmental issues, ect) escalates to violent activity.
Special interest extremists
Activities revolve around one issue about which they are passionate. "Speed up the collapse of industry, scare the rich and undermine the foundations of the states".
Nuclear/biological/chemical (NBC) terrorism
nuclear terrorism, radioactive materials. Bioterrorism, chemical or biological agents. Sarin (deadly vapour) released in Tokyo in 1995, killed 11 and injured over 5000. Anthrax (white powder) sent to news anchors, editors and senators (Bruce ibbins was a
Suicide missions
volunteer for suicide missions. See themselves as martyrs, bringing honor to their families and communities. Not necessarily depressed or feeling hopeless. Not otherwise suicidal
lone wolf terrorists
: Operate individual, they do not belong to an organized terrorist group, act without the direct influence of a leader, claim to be acting on behalf of an interest group, their attacks are premediated, emotional and mentally disturbed, interpersonal socia
Psychosocial context
the social and psychological circumstances that encourage certain behaviours to develop. We live in a cognitively constructed world that is sustained through the socialization process associated with each culture.
cultural devaluation
a process that occurs when a group or culture is selected by another group or culture as a scapegoat or and ideological enemy
cognitive restructuring
a psychological process that involves moral justification, euphemistic language, and advantageous comparison
moral justification
one's self that their actions are socially worthy and have an ultimate moral and good purpose
euphemistic language
terms are sanitized or neutralized
advantageous comparison
the belief that their way of life is superior to those they attack
just world hypothesis/bias
they get what they deserve
dehumanization
it is easier to hurt or kill someone if they are no longer viewed as humans e.g. mosters
deindividuation
avoidance of self-condemnations due to the view that they are not personality responsible; many small jobs collectively create horrific outcomes.
bandura's 6 disengagement practices
1. justification
2. minimization
3. neutralization
4. diffusion of responsibility
5. not thinking of consequences
6. dehumanization
moral development
the gradual development of a person's concepts of right and wrong, conscience, ethical and religious values, social attitudes, and behaviour
kohlberg's stages and motives for One's behavior
- early preconventional: avoid punishment
- late preconventional: fair exachange
- early conventional: approval from others
- late conventional: obedience to rules
- early postconventional: rules are important but can be broken
-late postconventional: uni
pedophilic disorder
recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviours involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally 13 years or younger)
child molestation
sexaul contact with children
hebephilia
sexual contact by adult males with young adolescents (usually age 13-15)
intrafamilial child molestation
sexual contact with minor child by someone within immediate family
extrafamilial child molestation
sexual contact with minor child by someone outside family
pedophilia
sexual attraction (sometimes defined as per sexual contact) with children
online sexual offending
the use of internet and related digital technologies to obtain, distribute, or produce child pornography, or to contact potential child victims to create opportunities for sexual offending
Producers of child pornography
are usually FAMILY FRIENDS (46%), PARENTS/GUARDIANS (22%), or other RELATIVES (10%)
the tripartite model
1. psychopharmacologically driven crime
2. systemic crime
3. economically compulsive crime
psychopharmacologically driven crime
most common with alcohol;
substance use=irrational/excitable=violent behaviour
systemic crime
crime arises out of a system of trafficking and distribution
economically compulsive crime
criminal behaviour that supports an expensive drug addiction; addiction is an overhelming drive, even when faces with severe health and social consequences
psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that influence a person's mood, perception, mode of thinking, and behaviour
physical dependence
physiological distress and physical pain when one goes without a drug for a length of time
psychological dependence
primary: overwhelming desire to use the drug for the favorable effect; conviction that the drug is needed to maintain well-being; thoughts may be inundated with accessing and using the drug
secondary: anticipation of the negative or painful effects of wit
four major categories of psychoactive drugs
1. hallucinogens or psychedelics
2. stimulants
3. opiate narcotics
4. sedative-hypnotics or depressants
hallucinogens/psychedelics
cannabis, phencyclidine (PCP)
stimulants
methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA)
opiate narcotics
heroin, fentanyl, oxycontin
sedative-hypnotics or depressants
ketamine (special k), gamma hydroxbutyrate (GHB), rohypnol, alcohol
how would you measure "unreported crime"?
victimization surveys
has crime increased or decreased since the 1990's?
crime has been continuously decreasing since the 1990's
Dr. Henggler spoke about the development for Multisystemic Therapy as a treatment for young offenders. what stood out s important?
kinda related to RNR model, prevents young offenders from reoffending, for high risk offenders
How is the RNR model applied in a correctional setting? ex. the implications for a case manager in a jail or a probation officer supervising offenders?
-asses their risk of recidivism- are they low, medium, or high risk?
-target criminogenic needs
-responsivity- behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy work best - which kind of therapy??
what percentage of murders are infanticide?
12%
psychopathy 2 factor model
factor 1 - personality
factor 2 - antisocial behavior
psychopathy 3 factor model
1. arrogant interpersonal
2. deficient affect
3. irresponsible
psychopathy 4 factor model
1. interpersonal
2. affective
3. lifestyle
4. antisocial
how is antisocial personality disorder measured?
behavioral indicators
emotional paradox
psychopaths can talk about emotional cues theoretically but have difficulty using emotional cues effectively in the real world (due to processing issues in the left hemisphere)
left hemisphere activation hypothesis
psychopaths exhibit deficits on a variety of tasks that require activation of the left hemisphere
executive functions
higher level cognitive abilities such as decision making, cognitive flexibility, foresight and planning, regulating impulses, organizing/controlling behavior and memory
amygdala
responsible for emotions such as fear and anger
does treatment with Therapeutic communities work for psychopaths?
no, it actually makes them worse.
mental disorder
characterized by significant disturbance in an idividual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning (apa)
mental disorder (criminal code of canada)
a disease of the mind
major depressive disorder
characterized by an extremely depressed state that lasts for at least two weeks, and is accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, hopelessness, feelings of worthlessness, and/or suicidal ideation
-strongly associated with teenage girls
- associated with ma
schizophrenia
extreme social withdrawal from others
delusions
false beliefs that are not amenable to change despite conflicting evidence
hallucinations
sensing or perceiving things or events that others do not sense or perceive
people with schizophrenia commit a ______ proportion of violent crime
very small
psychosis can increase the odds of violence by....
50-70%
offenders with serious mental disorders tend to have similar risk factors as offenders...
without mental disorders
MacArthur Research Network
found that among psychiatric patients, there was no one risk factor predicted violence; it was an accumulation of several risk factors
baxtrom decision
a supreme court ruling that stated prisoners has a right to a hearing to determine whether they were mentally ill and dangerous
research suggests that, for offenders with mental disorders, _____________________ reduce recidivism rates
pretrial diversion programs to specialized treatment programs
intellectual disability
usually measured with psychometric tests that assess cognitive and intellectual functioning (an IQ); previously referred to as mental retardation
what percentage of incarcerated inmates are diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
30-50%
when is someone Unfit to stand trial?
if they are intellectually or psychologically impaired to the extent that they would be present "in body but not in mind" during their court proceedings
decisional competence
the ability to understand the significance and consequences of possible decisions
when might someone be found unfit to stand trial?
any point during the court proceedings
when might someone be found no criminally responsible?
when the person is or was suffering from mental disorder that rendered the person incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act or omission or of knowing that it was wrong
m'naghten rule
if the person did not know right from wrong at the time of the unlawful act, or did not know that what he/she was doing was wrong, the person cannot be help responsible for his or her actions
durham rule
one cannot be held accountable if the unlawful act was a product of mental disease or mental defect; eventually replaced by the brawner rule
brawner rule
a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if, as a result of a mental disease or defect, the person lacks substantial capacity to either:
1. appeciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of his or her conduct OR
2. to conform his or her conduct to the r
Dissociative identity disorder is referred to as the _____ of psychiatry because....
UFO, because there is debate as to whether is actually exists lol
retrograde amnesia
impaired ability to remember past material
anterograde amnesia
impaired ability to acquire and retain new material
limited amnesia
pathological inability to remember a specific episode from the recent past
is amnesia an effective defense for NCR or as a justifications for someone being unfit to stand trial? Why?
No, because someone who is NCR has the incapacity to discriminate between right and wrong, while amnesia is simply the inability to remember
fundamental attribution error
duel tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors and to underestimate situational factors when searching for the cause of someone else's behavior; when assessing the cause of our own behavior, tend to engage in the actor-observer bias.
self-serving bias
when people take credit for their success (dispositional) while denying or explaining away responsibility for their failures (situational); relationships with others may change attributions
self fulfilling prophecies
predictions made about some future behaviour or event that modify behavioural interactions so as to produce what is expected
elaboration likelihood model
theory of persuasion that defines how likely it is that people will focus their cognitive processes to elaborate upon a persuasive message
validity effect
when people believe a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
familiarity effect
when people feel more positively toward a person, item, or product the more familiar they are with it
shifting opinions
attitudes and beliefs vulnerable to social influence
do genes influence attitudes?
attitudes are a combination of learning, experience, and genetics
contact hypothesis
program combating prejudice must foster personal interaction in the pursuit of shared goals
jigsaw technique
each pupil in a classroom is given part of the total material to master and then share with other group members (contributions are essential and valued)
milgram's research
shock, obedience experiment
altruism
a form of prosocial behaviour that a person carries out without considering his or her own safety or interests (selflessness)
general just world hypothesis
the world is a just place; things do not happen without reason, good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people, can lead to victim blaming
personal just world hypothesis
considered adaptive, belief that "I usually get what i deserve", not just blaming others
specific deterrence
someone does something bad and gets punished so they don't do it anymore
general deterrence
if people know is advanced that they will get punished for something, they wont do it
positive theory
prior to experience and influences determine behavior, behavior is governed by causal laws and free will is undetermined
conformity perspective
assumes humans want to do the right thing, are inherently good, are trying to live life to their full potential; STRAIN THEORY AND GENERAL STRAIN THEORY
nonconformist perspective
assumes that humans are naturally undisciplined, deviant, antisocial, would commit crime without the rules and conventions provided by society; SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY, GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME, BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Learning perspective
assumes that humans are born neutral, learn behaviour, beliefs, and tendencies from environment
difference in degree
animal ancestry, continuum, evolutionary psychology
difference in kind
humans distinct from animals, unique human attributes, look at factors that are distinct in humans.
how is crime measured?
official police reports, self-report studies, victimization surveys
what are some drawbacks of using self report measures?
withhold information, interpret questions differently, people may not remember
aggression + peer rejection =
greater risk for antisocial behaviour
baumrind's parental styles
authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, neglecting
snyder and pattersons parental styles
enmeshed parenting style, lax parenting style
affective empathy
an emotional response characterized by feelings or concern for another and a desire to alleviate that person's distress ex. when someone stubs their toe and you cringe and feel pain in your toe
cognitive empathy
the ability to understand a person from his or her frame of reference rather than simply from one's own point of view - can identify how the person must feel
conduct disorder
a range of antisocial types of behavior displayed in childhood or adolescence
oppositional defiant disorder
persistent pattern of angry/irritable mood or argumentative/defiant behavior
automatic arousal theory of crime
for a variety of geetic and environmental reasons, some peoples brain functions differently in response to environmentalstimuli" (lee, 1996)
expectancy theory
Julian Rotter; a persons performance level is based on that persons expectation that behaving in a particular way will lead to a given outcome; the expectancy may or may not be accurate
observational learning theory
also called modeling and imitational learning, albert bandura; we learn primarily through observing and listening to people around us
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
when examining the causes of other's behaviours we: 1) discount the influence of the situation, and 2) assume behaviour is explained by disposition or personality (i.e., victim blaming)
young offenders act, 1984
age 12-17 inclusive, youth had to be 14 to be transferred to adult court, diversion programs
youth criminal justice act, 2002
increased use of diversion programs, no transfers to adult court, but judge can impose adult sentences, victims are more informed and have and opportunity to participate
callous unemotional trait theory
lack of empathy, limited capacity for guilt,
expressive/hostile aggression
prompted by emotional factors, usually as an expression of anger; goal is to make the victim suffer
instrumental aggression
utilized to obtain some object or status (this aggression is the means to an end)
overt aggression
involves direct confrontation with victims and administration of physical harm or threats of physical harm
covert aggression
does not involve direct confrontation, but relies on concealment, dishonesty, or sneaky behaviour
frustration-aggression hypothesis
people are more likely to not be aggressive if they find reason to be unintentional or interpersonal
excitation transfer theory
physiological arousal can generate from one situation and be transferred to another
displaced aggression theory
can occur when an individual cannot aggress against the sources of provocation, but feels less contained about being aggressive toward an innocent individual
cognitive scripts model
scripts are cognitive programs acquired overtime that are stored in a person's memory and are used as guides for behavior and social problem-solving. they are learned through direct experiences and observing significant others
hostile attribution bias
people prone to violence are more likely to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile and threatening that their less aggressive counterparts; if it is a neutral situation they will always see it as a threat - waiting room example
i3 theory
the process by which a factor promotes aggression and how multiple risk factors interact to promote or reduce an aggressive response;
- instigating triggers
- impelling forces
- inhibiting forces
battering
physical violence in intimate relationships
battered woman syndrome
a cluster of emotional and behavioural features, including low self esteem, depression, learned helplessness, that are shared by women who have been physically and psychologically abused over a period of time by the dominant male figure in their lives