Laws
Enforceable rules of conduct
Code
Organized group of laws
Stages in growth of law
1. Revenge
2. Ruler forces compensation
3. Power to courts
4. Leader or central authority prevents and punish his wrongs that provoke individuals to seek revenge
Common law
Law based on the current standards or customs of the people and judges precedent
Positive law
Laws from a central political authority that seek to prevent wrongs from occurring
Jurisdiction
Power of a court to decide a case
Equity
Basic fairness
Why do societies need law and Court
Laws: protect individuals and settle disputes.
Courts: settle disputes award damages and prevent or punish wrongs
What powers to the courts have one personal or private property is damaged or destroyed
Compel specific actions such as paying damages or issue an junction to prohibit something from being done
Origin of US legal system
English common law and Roman civil law
Constitution
Document that sets forth the framework of a government and its relationship to the people it governs
Statutes
Laws enacted by state or federal legislatures
Ordinances
Laws and acted by local government effective only in their boundaries
Case law
Law made when an appellate court endorses a rule to be used in deciding court cases
Stare decisis
The legal doctrine that requires lower courts to follow established caselaw in deciding similar cases
Administrative agencies
Government body formed to carry out particular laws
Civil law
Group of laws used to provide remedy for wrongs against individuals
Criminal law
Group of laws that defines and sets punishments for offenses against society
Procedural law
Sets forth the rights and responsibilities can be legally exercised and enforced through the legal system; determines what remedies are available in a lawsuit and how those remedies are to be secured
Substantive law
Laws defining rights and duties of conduct except those involved in enforcement
How is power allocated between federal state and local governments
The constitution delegates powers between the federal and state governments. State governments grand some legislative authority to local governments. In addition state and federal constitutions allocate government powers among the executive legislative an
What determines whether a law statute ordinance or regulation is valid?
The constitution is the supreme authority and cannot be superceded by any law
How can one law violate more than one kind of law? Example?
Can offend society and individuals, including drunk driving and wrecking (driving while intoxicated and property damages)
How are constitutional statutory case and administrative law created
Constitutional: adoption or amendment of a constitution
Statutory: legislatures and local governments enact through constitutional authority.
Administrative: enacted by agencies of all levels of government through the authority granted by legislatures
Cas
How are conflicts between laws resolved
Federal Constitution is the supreme authority the validity of laws is determined by whether they violate authority granted by constitutions or legislative bodies or conflict with laws enacted by higher authorities
Describe the differences between criminal and civil substantive and procedural and business law and other forms of law
Civil laws govern offenses against individuals while criminal law's address offenses against society. Procedural law deals with methods of enforcing legal rights while substantive law defines rights and duties for all conduct except that involved in enfor
Impartiality
The idea that the same ethical standards apply to everyone
Universalizing
Imagining everyone doing the same thing then determining the result is irrational illogical or demeaning
Ethics
A collection of standards of conduct and moral judgement forming the basis for a decision as to right or wrong
Ethical system
System composed of an organized and consistent compilation of standards usually set down from an established authority
Utilitarianism
Evaluates the moral worth of a proposed action by forecasting the consequences of that action and its alternatives
Kantian ethics
Ethical system developed by Immanuel Kant proposing human reasoning can show what is basically wrong or right. Opposed utilitarianism
Civil disobedience
Open peaceful violation of a lot to protest it's alleged or supposed injustice
Integrity
The capacity to do what is right even in the face of temptation or pressure to do otherwise
Why do the two forms of ethical reasoning usually result in the same decision and what is the probable cause when they do not
Both forms assume that human beings have dignity and worth however when the decisions differ it may be because not all consequences were correctly foreseen or impartiality was not used in evaluating consequences
How does the majority rule principal demonstrate consequences based reasoning in our laws
When laws are made to protect the rights of the majority the greatest number of people benefit which is the basis of consequences based reasoning
How are ethical decisions reasoned out
And ethical decision is one that is reasoned out typically by referring to a written authority that provides consistency
Think about consequences based ethics in rule-based ethical reasoning. Write a brief paragraph describing a scenario in which breaking the rules has an ethical outcome.
Parent rushes a sick child to the hospital and might not save the child's life if she obeys traffic laws.
How are ethics reflected in the laws
Because the US legal system is grounded on maturity rule the laws are judged to be right or good when they affect the majority of the people positively and vice versa. The government which is empowered by the US Constitution six to ensure that the federal