Age for Concrete Operational stage
7 yrs- puberty
Concrete operational stage is evidenced by these 2 things
transformational thought
reversibility
Transformational thought
understand process of change
can imagine transformations
ex: draw falling pencil, arrange pics of flower growing
Reversibility
can mentally "undo" actions
ex: Halloween costumes being removed
Concrete operational thought is __________, rather than ___________-bound
logical, not perception bound
4 Impacts of Concrete operational stage
1) Can seriate (ex of girl arranging her stuffed animals by height)
2) Can do class inclusion/ classification
3) Can think thru logical consequences of actions
4) Improved causal reasoning
Limitations of Concrete Operational stage (5)
1) Difficulty w abstract ideas (what is love?)
2) Difficulty w hypothetical propositions (what if scientists discovered a way to time travel?)
3) No systematic thinking (all the possibilities of house colors?)
4) No deductive reasoning (general to specifi
Which of Piaget's stages is the least creative? It also has substantial cross-cultural HETEROGENEITY
concrete
The vast cross cultural variation for concrete operational stage is seen in ________ and _________
rate of development
qualitative progression
For some non-Western cultures, significant variations in onsets of operational skills are related to _______ and _________-
conservation and classification
Delays between cultures for operational skills are exacerbated by these 3 things
1) Lack of familiarity of task materials
2) use of non-native language
3) Fewer years of schooling
Ecocultural relevance
extent to which skills are valuable and adaptive
Agricultural groups like the Kikuyu of Kenya have a rapid development of _____________ reasoning due to its meaningfulness
conservation
Nomadic, hunter-gatherer groups like Aranda of Australia and Inuit have a rapid development of _______ reasoning due to its importance
spatial
Western cultures similar order in which properties are mastered (in concrete stage)
conservation of number, length, liquid, area, volume is last
Among children who receive ___________, similar patterns of operation mastery emerges REGARDLESS of SES
formal schooling
Cognitive change common to all children happens during this age span
Thought appears more logical, can decenter
5-7 yrs
The 5-7 Shift is evidenced by these 2 things
thought appears more logical
can decenter
Across cultures, these 3 things change for children in the 5-7 shift
1) Assume important responsibilities like caring for younger children, carrying out chores
2) Expectation that one is teachable
3) Methods of discipline/ punishment change
Infants have this kind of achievement motivation
Why?
mastery/ effectance motivation; inherent desire to master environment
Appearance-bound, can't compare themselves to who they were last week, can't analyze causes of successes and failures
By age 2, children are capable of evaluating performances as __________/___________
By age 3 they feel _______ and _______
successes or failures
pride, shame
By age ___, there are clear differences in childrens achievement motivation and level of achievement
7
4 Influences on Motivational Style
1) Stimulating Home Environment -encourages mastery of challenges, fosters intrinsic motivation to satisfy personal needs for mastery
2) Value Placed on Particular Achievement
- more likely to try hard to achieve goals you care about
3) Parenting Style
-
2 Dimensions of Attributions
1) Locus of Control
- internal: personal qualities (ability, effort)
- external: environmental factors (others' actions, luck, task characteristics)
2) Stability
- stable (fixed): unchangeable factors
- unstable (changeable): vary across situations (effor
Most adaptive attribution style
SUCCESS: internal, stable
FAILURE: internal, unstable
Internal, stable
I'm getting good at this
External, stable
My teacher is hard and confusing
Internal, unstable
I studied so much for this exam
External, unstable
The environment is distracting
___________________"Style leads to high achievement motivation and high achievement
Attributes successes to ______ and failures to ______
Outcome?
Mastery oriented
success: internal, stable
failure: internal, unstable
persist in face of failure
___________________" Style leads to low achievement motivation and low achievement
Learned Helplessness
success: internal, unstable
failure: internal, stable
avoid challenges, give up quickly
Children less than 7 have an ______________ view of ability (aka _____________)
This promotes ____________ goals
incremental
growth mindset
learning
After age 7, children develop a ___________ view of ability (aka ____________)
This promotes ______________ goals
entity view of ability
fixed mindset
performance goals
Learning goals vs performance goals
learning: want to learn so ability can improve
performance: learn to prove your ability and avoid being judged poorly
Person praise
What kind of goal does it promote?
praise that focuses/ labels ability as a trait
promotes performance goals; makes children feel like performance comes only naturally
Process oriented praise
What kind of goal does it promote?
praises the formulation of good approaches/ strategies
promotes learning goals (objective is to improve and reach task mastery)
children know that performance can vary from time to time and skills can keep growing
3 Steps to Combat Learned Helplessness
1) Emphasize learning goal
- prepare them for mistakes/ failures; working on a task is an opportunity to gain competence
2) Give specific process praise
- performance can vary from time to time and skills can keep growing
3) Attribution retraining
- failu
Why don't some cultures have the same issues with learned helplessness attribution styles undermining learning and achievement motivation?
bc they don't rely on praise to communicate warmth (they are high context cultures)
East Asian cultures share the Confucian belief that learning is a _____________
moral obligation
Re potential for high intelligence: different cultures have different _______________
South Asian Indian: ___________ theory + def
US: ____________ theory + def
lay theories
Universal: everyone is born w potential to become highly intelligent
Non-universal: only some people have the potential for high intelligence
Ages for Piaget's Formal Operational stage
puberty +
3 concepts that distinguish a formal operator
hypothetico-deductive reasoning (from the general to the specific)
systematic reasoning
inductive reasoning (from specific observations to generalizations)
Inductive reasoning
from specific observations to generalizations
Early" vs "late" formal thinking
early- 11-14 yrs: abstract and hypotheticals
late: 15+: hypothetic-deductive reasoning
Levels of formal thinking are connected to _____ and _____
age
formal, advanced education
Only ___-___% of college students fully employ formal operations, even with advanced education
40-60
Irrespective of context, formal operations are not manifested in all adolescents across all intellectual domains, so Piaget proposed that individuals _________
eventually and universally reach formal operations in an area of specialization
Least supported of Piaget's stages
formal operations
This stage is far from systematic and logical
formal operations
Metacognition
ability to think about thinking
1st feature of adolescent egocentrism
imaginary audience- think about themselves and aware that others can/are thinking about them
over exaggerate extent to which others are thinking about them; results in heightened self consciousness
2nd feature of adolescent egocentrism
Personal fable- belief that imaginary audience is preoccupied by your behavior/ appearance
makes you believe you're special/ have a unique personal experience
could result in emotional loneliness bc "no one understands me", risky behavior bc no one believ
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
over exaggerate the extent of which people are thinking about them
belief that imaginary audience is preoccupied by your behavior/ appearance
Actual self
self concept, the way we see our physical and psychological qualities the way they are
2 possible selves
ideal self- person you'd like to be
feared self- person you could possibly become, but you dread that person
For self concept, there is a discrepancy between your _______ self and ______ self
actual self and ideal self
what you are vs what you wish you were
The size of the discrepancy between your actual self and your ideal self relates to ___________
depressed moods
False self
times when you present a self that is different from what you actually think or feel
Self esteem tends to ________ in early adolescence, then ______ through late adolescence
decline in early, rise in late
_____________ often decreases self esteem bc of fear others are judging harshly, which makes greater self consciousness about peer opinion
imaginary audience
Global self esteem
overall self esteem; doesn't need to be high regard in all domains (social acceptance; physical appearance; athletic and scholastic competence etc)
4 Reasons for the Self Esteem rise in late adolescence
1) Appearance stabilizes and one gets used to it (passes out of awkward physical changes stage)
2) Conflict w parents diminishes
3) Social acceptance still important, yet peer evals no longer part of everyday life
4) More control/ seeking out social conte