A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of
a. object permanence
b. egocentrism
c. a theory of mind
d. stranger anxiety
c. a theory of mind
According to Piaget, schemas are
a. fixed sequences of cognitive development stages
b. children's ways of coming to terms with their sexuality
c. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
d. problem-solving strategies that are typ
c. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
Maturation refers to
a. the acquistion of socially acceptable behaviors
b. biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience
c. any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development
d. the physical developme
b. biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development
a. preoperational, concrete operation, formal operational, sensorimotor
b. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
c. sensorimot
c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Infants develop a fear of strangers at about 8 months of age because they can't assimilate unfamiliar faces into their
a. schemas
b. attachements
c. theory of mind
d. self-concept
a. schemas
Which of the following factors contributed most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers?
a. theory of mind
b. responsive parenting
c. stranger anxiety
d. authoritarian discpline
b. responsive parenting
a mother who is slow in responding to her infants cries of distress is most likely to encourage
a. conservation
b. insecure attachment
c. object permanence
d. egocentrism
b. insecure attachment
Evidence that easy, relaxed infants develop secure attachments more readily than difficult, emotionally intense babies would illustrate the importance of
a. ecocentrism
b. temperament
c. conservation
d. object permanence
b. temperament
Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to
a. from a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world
b. encounter some difficulty in overcoming the
a. form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world
In a British study following over 7000 people from birth to adulthood, those individuals whose fathers were most involved in parenting tended to demonstrate greater
a. role confusion
b. separation anxiety
c. egocentrism
d. academic achievement
d. academic achievement
One study found that English-speaking adults could relearn subtle sound contrasts in the Hindu or Zulu they had spoken as children even though they had no ___ the Hindu or Zulu language they had once spoken
a. personal curiosity about
b. conscious memory
b. conscious memory of
Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be
a. authoritarian
b. conservative
c. permissive
d. authoritative
d. authoritative
A failure to practice important motor skills can results in a loss of agility because unused neural connections
a. habituate
b. assimilate
c. imprint
d. are pruned
d. are pruned
Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to
a. habituation
b. stranger anxiety
c. object permanence
d. secure attachment
d. secure attachment
Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. His altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of
a. habituation
b. assimilation
c. accommodation
d. attachment
c. accomodation
Unlike duckings, children do not imprint their fondness for certain people, however is fostered by
a. conservation
b. egocentrism
c. mere exposure
d. infantile amnesia
c. mere exposure
Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ____ of the major development milestones
a. both the sequence and the age-related timing
b. the sequence but no the age related timing
c. the age related timing but not the s
c. the age-related timing but not the sequence
One variation of autism spectrum disorder is characterized by normal intelligence, often accompanied by exceptional skill in a particular area, but deficient social and communication skills. This disorder is called
a. fetal alcohol syndrome
b. terminal de
d. Asperger syndrome
Many researchers believe that adults styles of romantic love correspond with childhood patterns of
a. habituation
b. attachement
c. conservation
d. object permanence
b. attachment
If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation they are unable to
a. deal with the discipline of toilet training
b. see from the point of view from another person
c. recognize that the quantity of substance remains the same despite changes in its
c. recognize that the quantity of substance remains the same despite changes in its shape
Mrs. Carmichael secretly dabs some lipstick on the nose of her 2 year old son and then allows him to see his face in a mirror. The child is most likely to
a. touch his own nose
b. touch the mirror at the point where the lipstick shows
c. wave at his mirro
a. touch his own nose
A critical period is a phase during which
a. children frequently disobey and resist their parents
b. children become able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly
c. parents frequently show impatience with a child's slowness in becoming toilet traine
d. exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development
Cognition refers to
a. an emotional tie linking one person to another
b. the mental activities associated with thinking knowing, remembering, and communicating
c. an process that facilitates the physical development of the brain
d. any processes of change
b. the mental activities associated with thinking knowing, remembering, and communicating
According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ______ stage
a. preoperational
b. concrete operational
c. formal operation
d. sensorimotor
b. concrete operational
Mr. and Mrs. Batson can't wait to begin toilet training their year old daughter. The batsons most clearly need to be informed about the importance of
a. imprinting
b. habituation
c. maturation
d. object permanence
c. maturation
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with
a. adequate nourishment
b. body contact
c. the opportunity to explore
d. self-esteem
b. body contact
An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with
a. infantile amnesia
b. concrete operational thought
c. role confusion
d. autism
d. autism
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
a. sensorimotor need for self-stimulation as evidence in thumb sucking
b. young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure
c. the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point
c. the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view
Object permanence is the understanding that
a. developmental stages occur in a predictable sequence
b. biological growth processes enable orderly development
c. things continue to exist even when they are not perceived
d. the mass and volume of objects re
c. things continue to exist even when they are not perceived
The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky suggested that children's ability to solve problems is enhanced by
a. basic trust
b. inner speech
c. conservation
d. imprinting
b. inner speach
Animations that grafted emotion-conveying faces onto toy trains have been developed to alleviate symptoms of
a. fetal alcohol syndrome
b. stranger anxiety
c. infantile amnesia
d. autism
d. autism
The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ____ parents
a. authoritarian
b. egocentric
c. permissive
d. authoritative
a. authoritarian
From ages 3-6 brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in
a. frontal lobes
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebellum
d. brainstem
a. frontal lobes
Maturation is to education as _____ is to_____.
Nature; nuture
Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that
The hippocampus and frontal lobes are immature during early infancy
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemes is called
Assimilation
When Tommy 's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly newar the beginning of Piaget's ______ stage.
Sensorimottor
Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
Egocentrism
According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ______ stage
Preoperational
Preschoolers' acquisition of a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's
Egocentrism
Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contexts of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a
Theory of mind
according to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ___- stage
Concrete operational
According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to
Reason abstractly
Piaget emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the physical environment. Vygotsky emphasized how the child's mind grows through
Social mentoring
At about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates
Stranger anxiety
To assess attachment differences among infants, Mary Ainsworth placed them in a laboratory setting called a
Strange situaion
In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to
Use their others as a base from which to explore the new surroundings
Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of
Insecure attachment
Nature is to nurture as ____ is to _____
Temperament; responsive parenting
When placed in strange situations without their artificial mothers, the Harlow's infant monkeys demonstrated signs of
Insecure attachment
Romanian children raised in orphanages with untrained and overworked staff were found to have ____ than found in children assigned to quality foster care settings
Lower intelligence scores
Most children who experience parental neglect or abuse manage to have socially meaningful and productive lives. This best illustrates
Resilience
An ongoing study of 1100 children in 10 American cities has found that those who had spent the most time in day-care facilities had
Slightly advanced thinking and. Language skills and an. Increased rate of aggressiveness
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who
Have high self�esteem and self-reliant