1. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
birth to 1.5 years - Trust vs. Mistrust:
During this period, infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers. Mary's attention to Malcom's needs, in the previous example, probably helped him develop a basic sense of trust in the
Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
which lasts from 18 months to 3 years. During this period, children develop independence and autonomy if parents encourage exploration and freedom within safe boundaries. However, if children are restricted and overly protected, they feel shame, self-doub
Initiative-versus-guilt stage
which lasts from around age 3 to 6. During this period, children face conflicts between the desire to act independently of their parents and the guilt that comes if they don't succeed. They come to see themselves as persons in their own right, and they be
Industry-versus-inferiority stage
a. is characterized by efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the complex modern world. During this period, children direct their energies to mastering the enormous body of information presented in school and making a plac
Identity-versus-identity confusion stage
a. In Erikson's view, adolescents who do not find a suitable identity may go off course in several ways. They may adopt socially unacceptable roles to express what they do not want to be. Forming and maintaining lasting, close relationships may elude them
Intimacy-versus-isolation stage
(early adulthood) which spans the period of post adolescence into the early 30s. During this period, the focus is on developing close, intimate relationships with others. Erikson's idea of intimacy comprises several aspects. One is selflessness, the sacri
Generativity-versus-stagnation
One's middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is either spent in generativity�making a contribution to family, community, work, and society�or in stagnation. Generative people strive to guide and encourage future generations. Often, people find generativi
Integrity ego-integrity-versus-despair stage
a. this period is characterized by a process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it. People who are successful in this stage of development experience satisfaction and accomplishment, which Erikson terms "integrity." W
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (BIRTH TO 2 YEARS OLD)
a. the initial major stage of cognitive development, can be broken down into six substages. It is important to keep in mind that although the specific substages of the sensorimotor period may at first appear to unfold with great regularity, as though infa
Piaget's SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (BIRTH TO 2 YEARS OLD)
Piaget's six substages of the sensorimotor stage
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Piaget's PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)
Children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases. Seeing Mom's car keys may prompt a question, "Go to store?" as the child comes to see the keys as a symbol of a car ride. In this way, children become
Piaget's PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)
The Relation Between Language and Thought. language allows children to think beyond the present to the future. Rather than being grounded in the here-and-now, preschoolers can imagine future possibilities through language in the form of fantasies and dayd
Piaget's PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)
Centration: What You See Is What You Think. is the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus�typically its superficial elements�and ignoring others.
Piaget's PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)
Conservation: Learning That Appearances Are Deceiving. It is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. Four-year-old Jaime is shown two drinking glasses. One is short and broad; the other, tall and thi
Piaget's PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)
Incomplete Understanding of Transformation. transformation is the process in which one state is changed into another. For instance, adults know that if a pencil that is held upright is allowed to fall down, it passes through a series of successive stages
Piaget's PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)
Egocentrism: The Inability to Take Others' Perspectives. Another hallmark of the preoperational period is egocentric thinking. Egocentric thought is thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others.
Piaget's PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4)
The Emergence of Intuitive Thought. Intuitive thought refers to preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of world knowledge.
b. CONCRETE OPERATIONS (AGES 7 TO 11)
The Rise of Concrete Operational Thought. Concrete operational thought applies logical operations to concrete problems. For instance, when children in this stage confront a conservation problem (such as determining whether the amount of liquid poured from
c. FORMAL OPERATIONS (BEGINNING AT AGES 11 TO 15)
Using Formal Operations to Solve Problems. People develop the ability to think abstractly. Adolescents can consider problems in abstract rather than concrete terms by using formal principles of logic. They can test their understanding by systematically co
Marcia's Identity formation theory
Identity achievement. Teenagers in this category have successfully explored and thought through who they are and what they want to do. Following a period of crisis during which they considered various alternatives, these adolescents have committed to a pa
Marcia's Identity formation theory
Identity foreclosure. These are adolescents who have committed to an identity without passing through a period of crisis in which they explored alternatives. Instead, they accepted others' decisions about what was best for them. Typical of this category i
Marcia's Identity formation theory
Moratorium. Adolescents in this category have explored some alternatives but made no commitments. As a result, Marcia suggests, they show relatively high anxiety and experience psychological conflict, though they are often lively and appealing, seeking in
Marcia's Identity formation theory
Identity diffusion. These adolescents neither explore nor commit to various alternatives. They tend to shift from one thing to the next. While appearing carefree, according to Marcia, their lack of commitment impairs their ability to form close relationsh
Attachment and its importance in infancy.
Secure attachment pattern a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns.
Avoidant attachment pattern a style of at
Attachment and its importance in infancy.
For example, boys who are securely attached at the age of 1 year show fewer psychological difficulties at older ages than do avoidant or ambivalent children. Similarly, children who are securely attached as infants tend to be more socially and emotionally
Attachment in and its importance adulthood
Most infants fall into one of three attachment categories: securely attached infants, who have healthy, positive, trusting relationships with their caregivers; avoidant infants, who are relatively indifferent to caregivers and avoid interactions with them
Must be able identify the founders and/or theories of the major fields in psychology covered in in Chapter 1 (fill in the blank with a word bank). Page 14
Major perspectives on lifespan development