What is the current that produces ultrasound waves?
Piezo-Electric currents cause vibration within the wand
Which US duty cycle is used for heating of tissues?
a. Continuous
b. 75% Pulsed
c. 50% Pulsed
d. 20% Pulsed
Answer: a. Continuous US produces thermal effects for heating of tissues
What physiological effects does Continuous US have on the body?
US increases tissue temp, pain threshold, collagen extensibility, enzymatic activity, tissue perfusion, blood flow, and metabolic rate.
True/False: Ultrasound machines found in the clinic can also be used to remove adipose tissue from the body.
Answer: False. US machines in the clinic have little effect on adipose tissues.
What are the physiological effects of Pulsed US?
Increases in membrane permeability and synthesis of fibroblasts, cavitation, separation of collagen fibers, and streaming
What is frequency of US and what is it expressed in?
Frequency is the number of oscillations per minute and is expressed in Hertz (Hz)
True/False: Attenuation happens when energy is absorbed or scattered?
True
What is US intensity and how is it expressed?
Intensity is the energy of the sound wave and it is expressed in watts per centimeter squared (W/cm^2)
True/False: As frequency increases, absorption decreases.
False. As frequency increases, so does absorption.
True/False: Continuous US is used in wound healing.
False. Pulsed US is the appropriate use of US in wound healing.
What are the differences between stable and transient cavitation?
Transient cavitation can cause the collapse of air bubbles in the area leading to severe damage
How can we avoid transient cavitation in the application of US?
Transient cavitation can be avoided by using the lowest appropriate intensity, using high frequencies, and continuous movement of the applicator.
Match the treatment area/condition with the appropriate intensity:
a. Thin tissues - Acute condition
b. Thick tissues - Acute condition
c. Thin tissues - Chronic condition
d. Thick tissues - Chronic Condition
1. 1.5-2.0 W/cm^2
2. 1.0-1.5 W/cm^2
3. 0.5-1.0
a. 3
b. 2 or 4
c. 2 or 4
d. 1
What are 3 contraindications of US?
Impaired circulation, hemorrhages, impaired cognitive function, impaired sensation, malignant tumors/cancer, over the following: the reproductive organs/pelvic and lumbar areas while pregnant/eyes/carotid sinus area/heart/fracture site/spine/joint cement/
What is the treatment area of US?
4 times the size of the head
True/False: A frequency of 1MHz will heat tissues faster than 3MHz.
False. 3MHz will heat tissues faster than 1MHz.
What are the advantages of Phonophoresis?
It's non-invasive; delivers a high drug concentration to the site; avoids gastric irritation common with NSAIDs; less risk of pain/trauma/infection vs an injection; can be delivered to a large area vs an injection
What are the effective delivery parameters for phonophoresis?
3MHz frequency, pulsed 20%, intensity of 0.5-0.75 W/cm^2
What is accommodation in terms of E-Stim?
Accomodation is the decrease in a nerves action potential overtime.
What are the contraindications of E-Stim?
Application over the middle of the body during pregnancy; application over the heart with a pacemaker; cancer
Which E-Stim types are used for pain relief and which is used for strengthening?
IFC and Pre-Mod are used for pain relief and Russian and Bi-Phasic are used for strengthening.
What are the most common drugs used in iontophoresis for inflammation?
Dexamethasone and Lidocaine
What is a facil
...