cell injury
the underlying principle of pathology is that all disease is due to:
lethal
causing necrosis/cell death
sublethal
cell function is altered but cell is not destroyed
cell degeneration
deterioration of cell function
labile
cells that divide frequently to replace lost cells
stable
cells that are fully differentiated and don't divide often
permanent
cells that lose the ability to divide after birth
hypertrophy
increase in cell size without an increase in cell numbers, generally seen in stable or permanent cells
hyperplasia
increase in cell number usually seen in labile cells
agenesis
complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop
aplasia
only a rudimentary form of an organ is present
hypoplasia
occurs during development, the result of a deficiency of growth and a diminution of size
atrophy
reduction in size of a fully formed tissue due to reduction in cell size
metaplasia
replacement of one fully differentiated cell type into another where it is normally not found
dysplasia
abnormal differentiation or development of a tissue with distorted architecture
calcification
the abnormal deposition of calcium and other minerals within a tissue
dystrophic
type of calcification where calcium is deposited in injured, degenerating, or dead tissue
metastatic
type of calcification where calcium deposits in tissues that are not the site of previous damage, associated with hypercalcemia
circumscripta
type of calcinosis calcification that consists of localized deposits, usually found on the extremities (such as elbows of large dogs) as a result of pressure
universalis
type of calcinosis calcification that is widespread
cutis
type of calcinosis calcification that has mineralization of dermal collagen in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
exogenous
type of pigmentation that results in conditions that fall under "occupational hazards" category
endogenous
pigmentation made by body
lipochromes
yellow/brown pigment made from breakdown of fatty acids and cell membranes
ischemia
lack of blood and therefore O2
pyknosis
nucleus shrinks and becomes dense
karyorrhexis
nucleus breaks down into small fragments and the chromatin breaks up into unstructured granules throughout the cytoplasm
karyolysis
nucleus dissolves (with a loss of its affinity for basic stains)
coagulation
type of necrosis where cytoplasm thickens and details within the cell are lost
liquefaction
type of necrosis that contains dead and dying tissue cells that are partially liquefied and the WBCs made by the body to clean up the process
caseous
type of necrosis that is slow and progressive. associated with the effects of hydrolytic enzymes released by inflammatory cells. production of dry, white, cheesy, granular material; common in rabbits, birds, reptiles and animals with TB
fat
type of necrosis that usually occurs as a result of injury to fat, as in pancreatitis
soaps
fatty acids are converted into:
gangrenous
type of necrosis that is a combo of ischemia and a bacterial infection. two types: wet and dry