ESSCMO
*Empiricism
*Self-correcting
*Skepticism
*Critical Thinking
*Multiple Working hypothesis
*Occam's Razor
Empiricism
Does not study phenomena that cannot be observed ex: supernatural, religion, faith.
Self-Correcting
Elimination of wrong ideas
Skepticism
Form of critical thinking that uses reasons and evidence to determine the likelihood that something is true
Critical Thinking
Process of evaluating validity of claims on the basis of well supported evidence.
Multiple Working Hypothesis
Accepts further research
Occam's Razor
Idea one should not make more assumptions that the minimum needed to explain something.
FiLCHeRS
*Falsifiability
*Logic
*Comprehensiveness
*Honesty
*Replicability
*Sufficiency
Falsifiabiliity
Must be possible to conceive of a test that would dispose the idea of a test that would dispose the idea if it were false claim must be testable
Logic
Must be logical, both valid and sound or reasonable and strong
Comprehensiveness
Consider all relevant evidence
Honesty
Evidence must be evaluated impartially, in an unbiased, fair minded manner without self deception.
Replicability
Results of studies, and experiments must be replicated by other researchers
Sufficiency
Evidence of a claim must be sufficient to establish the truth of a claim
Law
Statement of fact, deduced from observation
Theory
Set of beliefs or principles that have not yet been tested
What are some CAM treatments?
Homeopathy, naturopathy, acupuncture, chiropractic touch therapy, reflexology, aromatherapy, urine therapy, crystal power.
Homeopathy
Treatment of disease by minute doses of natural substances that in a healthy person would produce symptoms of disease
Laws of Homeopathy
1)Laws of similars
2)Laws of infinite testimonials
3)Remedy starts at the top of the body & works down, remedy works from within the body moving outward, symptoms clear in reverse order of appearance
Ways of spotting and selling pseudoscience
Discovered pitches claim directly to media/NOT a peer review & publication process: write books to sell to public for money
-Use the adds below to help spot the heuristics (short cuts) to critical thinking?
*Discoverer says the powerful establishment is trying to suppress his or her work (FDA, big pharma, universities)
*Person who compares themselves to galilleo
*Discoverer says belief is credible because it has endured for centuries
*Discoverer worked in is