1.) Projection
2.) Position
3.) View
4.) Method
enumerate the 4 positioning terms that are most commonly used in radiology
Projection
the path of central ray as it exists the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR
Projection
can be also defined by the relationship formed between the central ray and the body as central ray passes through the entire body part
Projection
only term that accurately describes how the body part is being examined
AP Projection
perpendicular central ray enters the anterior body surface and exists the posterior body surface
PA Projection
perpendicular central ray is shown entering the posterior body surface and exiting the anterior body surface
Axial Projection
there is longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body or specific body part
Axial
this term refers to all projection in which the longitudinal angulation between the central ray and long axis of the body part is 10 degrees or more
Tangential Projection
it is called _______ because of the tangential relationship formed between the central ray and the entire body
Tangential Projection
central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and project it free of superimposition
Lateral Projection
perpendicular central ray enters one side of the body or body part; passes transversely along the coronal plane and exists the opposite side (can enter from either side of the body)
Transthoracic Projection
is a unique lateral projection used for shoulder radiography
Oblique projection
central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle following an oblique plane; may enter from either side of the body and from anterior or posterior surface
AP Oblique Projection
type of oblique projection that the central ray enters the anterior surface and exists the oppostire posterior surface
PA Oblique Projection
type of oblique projection that the central ray enters the posterior surface and exists anteriorly
True AP/PA projection
obtained when the central ray is perpendicular to the coronal plane and parallel to the sagittal plane
True lateral projection
is obtained when the central ray is parallel to the normal plane and perpendicular to sagittal plane
Complex projections
projections may be defined by entrance and exit points and by the central ray relationship to the body at the same time
Position
overall posture of the patient of the general body positions
Position
this term should be only used when referring to the placement of patient's body
Upright
erect or marked by a vertical position
Seated
upright position in which the patient is sitting on a chair or stool
Recumbent
general term referring to lying down in any position, such as dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, lateral recumbent
Supine
type of position that is lying on the back
Prone
type of position that is lying face down
Trendelenburg's position
supine position with the head tilted downward
Fowler's position
supine position with the head higher than the feet
Sim's position
a recumbent position with the patient lying on the left anterior side (semi-prone) with the left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
Position
refers to the specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging
Lithotomy position
supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supporters
Lateral position
this position is always named according to the side of that patient that is placed closest to the IR; the specific side selected depends on the condition of the patient
Oblique position
achieved when the entire body or body part is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the radiographic table or IR
Right Anterior Oblique (RAO) position
type of oblique position that the right side of the anterior body surface is closest to IR
Left Anterior Oblique (LAO) position
type of oblique position that the left side of the anterior body surface is closest to IR
1.) AOP results in PA oblique projections
2.) Posterior oblique projections
what's the relationship between oblique position and oblique projection? (2)
Medial rotation and Lateral rotation
have been standardized to designate the direction in which the limbs have been turned from anatomic position
Decubitus position
indicates that the patient is lying down and that the central ray is horizontal and parallel with the floor
1.) Lateral Decubitus (L or R)
2.) Dorsal Decubitus
3.) Ventral Decubitus
enumerate the 3 primary decubitus positions
Lateral Decubitus
which decubitus position is most often used to demonstrate the presence of air fluid levels or free air in the crest and abdomen?
Lordotic position
achieved by having the patient lean backward while in the upright body position (so that the shoulders are in contact with IR)
Lordotic position
type of position that is used for the vizualization of pulmonary apices and clavicles
View
used to describe the body part as seen by the IR
View
use of this term is restricted to the discussion of a finished radiograph or image
Method
specifies the x-ray projection and body position, and it may include specific items such as IR and central ray position
Method
describes the specific radiographic projection of individual developed
Abduction
away from central axis
Adduction
toward
Extension
straightening of a joint
Flexion
bending
Hypertension
forced or excessive extension
Hyperflexion
forced overflexion
Evert or Eversion
outward turning of the foot and ankle
Invert or Inversion
inward
Pronation
rotation of forearm; palm is down
Supination
palm is up
Rotate
turning or rotating of the body part around the axis
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb
Tilt
slightly tipping or slanting a body part
Deviation
a turning away from the regular standard or course