What is the anterior spinal column built for?
support
shock absorption
motion
What is the posterior spinal column built for?
protect spinal cord
guide/limit motion
provide connection points for muscles
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5
Cervical curve
Concave posteriorly
Anterior curve
Thoracic curve
Convex posteriorly
Posterior curve
Lumbar curve
Concave posteriorly
Anterior curve
Sacral curve
Convex posteriorly
Posterior curve
What is kyphosis?
curve of the spine that is convex posteriorly (posterior curve)
What is lordosis?
curve of the spine that is concave posteriorly (anterior curve)
What is scoliosis?
presence of lateral curves
Lumbar lordosis example
Thoracic kyphosis example
Forward head
the head juts forward (strain on cervical)
Sway back example
What is the purpose of vertebral discs?
Shock absorption
Stability
What is annulous fibrosis?
outer cartilaginous rings (vertebral disc)
What is nucleous pulposus?
gel-like substance that is 80% water (vertebral disc)
What is the pelvic girdle?
the sacrum connects with 3 bones of the pelvis to form a closed system
Why does any pelvic motion result in spinal motion?
because of the strong connection between the sacrum and the ilium
What are functions of the trunk?
Balance of the head and neck
Stabilization
Forward bend/side bend
Rotation to enhance reach
Lifting
Squat lifting
Breathing and coughing
Where are the neck flexors located?
Anterior surface of the neck
Where are the neck extensors located?
Posterior aspect of the neck
Where are the spinal extensors located?
Posterior aspect of the body/trunk
Where are the trunk flexors located?
Anterior aspect of the body
How is "quiet" breathing produced?
inspiratory muscles contracting and relaxing
What are the muscles of respiration?
External and internal intercostals
Diaphragm
How is exhalation produced?
product of relaxation of the diaphragm and contractility of lungs
What is posture?
alignment of body segments for a specific activity
Posture--Body positions with lowest pressure
Lying on back
Lying on side
Standing
Sitting
Posture--Body positions with highest pressure
Sitting forward on chair with weight
Standing forward with weight
Sitting forward
Standing forward
What are the antigravity muscles?
muscle groups that support body segments against gravity for upright posture
What is postural sway?
small anterior/posterior or side-to-side movements of the body in standing
Which muscle groups control postural sway?
Ankle musces
When is postural sway minimized?
Ages 20-60
What should the plumb line run through?
Earlobe
Acromion process
Lumbar bodies
Greater trochanter
Posterior to patella
Anterior to lateral malleolus
True or False. Sitting increases spinal pressure.
True
Hook lying position
Side lying
How are the scapula and UE affected by thoracic kyphosis?
You lose humeral elevation
Won't be able to get the upward rotation you need
What is the talacrual?
ankle joint
What is acetabulofemoral?
hip joint
What are located on the anterior side of the lower extremities?
hip flexors
knee extensors
ankle dorsiflexors
What are located on the lateral side of the lower extremities?
hip abductors
What are located on the posterior side of the lower extremities?
hip extensors
hip external rotators
knee flexors
ankle plantarflexors
What are located on the medial side of the lower extremities?
hip adductors
internal rotators
What do the quadriceps do?
hip flexion
knee extension
What do the hamstrings do?
hip extension
knee flexion
What does the gastronemius do?
knee flexion
plantar flexion
What is another name for ambulation?
Gait
What is a stride?
The process of one foot hitting the floor, transferring weight on to the planted foot, rolling forward onto toes, and then lifting foot up off floor and preparing for next contact.
What is a step
half of a stride cycle
distance from heel of one foot to the heel of the other foot
What are the two phases of the gait cycle?
Stance phase
Swing phase
Which phase takes up majority of the gait cycle?
the stance phase
Gait cycle example
What is required for stance phase?
Strong knee extension
Stable ankle
Stable hip
What are the components of the stance phase?
Initial contact
Loading response
Midstance
Terminal stance
Preswing
What are the components of the swing phase?
Initial swing
Midswing
Terminal swing
OT's role in ambulation
OTs work with patients on improving functional ambulation
During ambulation, OTs should be aware of physical limitations that could impact the patient's ability to ambulate safely and productively
What is trendelenburg gait?
The pelvis juts out (grandma S does this)
What is the cause of foot slap?
poor ankle control
What is the cause of drop foot?
weakness in ankle dorsiflesors
What is hemiplegic gait?
Stiff leg gait
Usually caused by cerebral palsy
What is Parkinsonian gait?
Festinating gait
Accelerated shuffling
What is ataxic gait?
Uneven step length
Irregular wide of walking base
Discoordination
What is antalgic gait?
Shortened stance phase due to pain
Limping
What is functional mobility?
the ability to move from one position to another in order to interact with environment
What is a transfer?
movement from one surface or position to another and may be accomplished independently or with assistance
What is the first form of mobility to develop?
Rolling
What is nonsegmental motion?
head/neck move first, and trunk/pelvis follows almost immediately and as one unit
What is segmental motion?
shoulders and pelvis can move separately from each other. (purposeful)
Which is more difficult, supine to prone or prone to supine?
Supine to prone
What is bed mobility?
the ability to move the body in bed to perform activities in the various positions of supine, prone, side lying, or sitting
What is directly related to musculoskeletal fitness and longevity?
Ability to rise for the floor with minimal use of 1 hand
Factors that promote tissue lengthening through passive stretch
Duration of the stretching force
Intensity of the stretching force
Velocity of stretching force
Frequency of the stretching force
Components of strengthening program
Intensity
Duration
Rest
Contraction type
Velocity of contraction
Frequency
Periodization