organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon
inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon
polar molecule
A molecule that has electrically charged areas.
what is H20
water
what are most molecules living organisms are made are based on the element..
carbon
What are the two categories of compounds
organic and inorganic
how many electrons does a carbon atom have
6
how many electrons does the carbon atom have on its inner and outer shell
outter-4 inner-2
what is it called when carbon bonds with other atoms
straight chains,branched chains, or rings
convalent bond
sharing of electrons between atoms
functional groups
clusters of atoms
Hudroxyl group
functional group
Monomers
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
Macromolecules
large polymers
condensation reaction
monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction
what happens when a monomer is added to a polymer
a water molecule is released
when you combine glucose and fructose what do you get
sucrose
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
compound used by cells to store and release energy
what happens when a bond breaks
energy is released
Carbohydrates
organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is the ratio for carbohydrates?
1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen
Monosaccharides
monomers of carbohydrates
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Protein
An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
How are proteins formed?
linking amino acids
How many amino acids are there?
20
Dipeptide
Two amino acids bonded together
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between amino acids
how many polypeptides do proteins compose
one or more
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
substance
matter that has a uniform and definite composition
active site
The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
Lipids
large, nonpolar organic molecules
what's another name for lipid
fat
Triglycerides
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
Three classes of lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes
Phospholipids
Have two, rather than three, fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol
wax
A type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain.
steroid
composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
What are monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
What are monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
if cells contained mostly oil what would happen
they would not be able to bond
name the main polar compound
water
Dissociation
breaking up of an ionic compound
what do you get while combining glucose and galactose
lactose
Starch
Storage polysaccharide of plants.
lipids do not..
dissolve in water
What is the cell membrane made of?
lipids
what are found in seeds
triglycerides
Fredrick Sanger
won a nobel prize for his analysis of a protein
some polysaccharides are
glycogen, starch, and cellulose
Most enzymes are
sensitive to changes in temperature or pH
the most important function of neleic acids is
storing information related to heredity
Products
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
Substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
some carbohydrates
pasta, bread
some fats
butter, oil
some proteins
meat, beans