3 sources of energy
CHO, lipid, protein
definition of energy
ability to do work
energy is measured in terms of _________________________________________
heat production
1 calorie (small "c") =
heat to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 C
1000 calories =
1 kilocalorie (kcal)
1 Calorie (big "C") =
1 kcal
Joule =
the energy transferred to an object when a force of 1 newton acts on that object through a distance of 1 meter
1 cal = ___________ joules
4.18
1 joule = _____________ cal
0.239
what is BTU?
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water through 1 F
purpose of a bomb calorimeter
determination of gross energy of a feed, ingredient, fecal sample
principle of bomb calorimeter
a known amount of sample is combusted in the reaction chamber and the resulting heat (as measured by the increase in the temperature in the water bath) is determined.
1 gram carbohydrate = ________ kcal
4
1 gram lipid = ________ kcal
9
1 gram protein = _______ kcal
5-6
1 gram ethanol = ______ kcal
7
daily energy intake for a human
2500 kcal/day
daily energy intake for pigs: typical diet
3200-3400 kcal/kg
daily energy intake for pigs: growing pigs
10 Mcal/d (3 kg feed/d)
daily energy intake for pigs: lactating sow
20-40 Mcal/d (6-12 kg feed/d)
daily energy intake for horses
13-20 Mcal/d
daily energy intake for horses by energy densities: forage ______________ + concentrate ______________
1.8-2.1 Mcal/kg for forage; 3.0-3.4 Mcal/kg for concentrate
are concentrates or forage more energy dense?
concentrates
feed = _______________ energy
gross
feces = _____________ energy
fecal
digestible energy =
feed energy - fecal energy
feed energy - fecal energy =
digestible energy
digestible energy can be used to describe the ____________ or the _________________________________________
diet; ingredients in the diet
metabolizable energy (ME) =
digestible energy - (urinary+gas energy)
the breakdown products of metabolism
urinary energy
two products of gas energy
methane, hydrogen
gas energy is a calculation used in ruminants. what about non-ruminants?
used in ruminants; ignored in non-ruminants
net energy (NE) =
metabolizable energy - heat increment
define heat increment
heat production associated with nutrient digestion and metabolism and the heat of fermentation
the heat that is wasted or lost to the environment, but may also contribute to body temperature
heat increment
nutrient with highest heat increment
fiber
nutrient with lowest heat increment
fat
which has a higher heat increment...protein or digestible CHO?
protein
net energy = metabolizable energy - heat increment. But it also can =......
NEm + NEp (maintenance + production)
factors of NEm (maintenance)
heart rate, kidney, protein turnover, CNS activity, respiration, liver
-largest factor is ion balance
factors of NEp (production)
tissue (muscle, fat), lactation, egg production, pregnancy, wool, hair, feathers, work
energy lost from feed (gross energy)
fecal energy
energy lost from digestible energy (DE)
urinary (and gas) energy
energy lost from metabolizable energy (ME)
heat increment
energy lost from net energy (NE)
maintenance + production
heat production = _________________ + ________________________
heat increment + net energy for maintenance
what is used to determine heat production?
calorimetry
explain direct calorimetry
measure temperature change in chamber
ex
me
indirect calorimetry =
measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, then calculate heat production
retained energy =
protein and lipid deposition
retained energy is determined using...
comparative slaughter technique
if an animal eats above its maintenance requirements there will be...
retained energy
explain comparative slaughter technique
analyzes how much is gained and what the composition of that gain is
an increase in feed intake leads to an _________________ in retained energy
increase
what does PFV stand for?
physiological fuel values
PFV = ________ values
metabolizable energy
what are the physiological fuel values for CHO, fat, proten
CHO: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9 kcal/g
Protein: 4 kcal/g
defien total digestible nutrients (TDN)
a standard evaluation of the nutritional merit of a particular feed for farm animals which includes all the digestible organic nutrients- protein, fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and lipids.
TDN = (4 components)
digestible crude protein + digestible NFE + digestible crude fiber + 2.25 x digestible ether extract
TDN is expressed as: (2)
a percentage of the ration, or as lbs or kg of TDN
as crude fiber or ADF increases, TDN ____________________
decreases
_______________________(3) in ingredients are similar for all species
amino acids, minerals, vitamins
_________________________________ may differ by species
amino acid digestibility
energy values are species _____________________
specific
Meeting the energy requirement: CATTLE
DE, TDN, NEg
Meeting the energy requirement: DAIRY
DE, NEL
Meeting the energy requirement: HORSES
DE, TDN
Meeting the energy requirement: PIGS
DE, ME, NE
Meeting the energy requirement: POULTRY
ME, AME, TME
what does AME stand for?
apparent metabolizable energy
what does TME stand for?
true metabolizable energy
AME =
GE of feed - fecal, urinary
if AME is characterized by nitrogen retention it is written...
AMEn
TME =
GE - excreta energy
explain process of TME
test ingredient substituted for ingredient of known ME or subtract excreta energy in fasted birds
energy density is a measure of...
the energy (DE or ME) per unit of feed
energy density is expressed as...
kcal/kg or Mcal/kg
__________ has high energy density, ______________ has low energy density
fat, fiber
used to describe the energy content of a diet or an ingredient
energy density
low DE:GE =
high fiber
low ME:DE
high protein
ME:DE decrease means there is a higher loss of _______________ energy
urinary
DE:GE decrease means there is a higher loss of _______________ energy
fecal
energy requirement =
maintenance + growth + activity + environmental temperature
maintenance is estimated as a function of...
body weight to the 0.75 power
BW^0.75 =
metabolic body size
growth is composition of...
gain
composition of gain =
protein and lipid deposition
thermoneutrality =
temperature where animal does not need to burn calories to maintain body temperature
what happens at temperatures below thermoneutrality?
calories must be expended
provide prioritization of nutrient use according to Hammond's Principles of Energy Utilization
CNS=fetus > bone > muscle > fat
the preferred form of energy
carbohydrates
what is the limitation to protein as an energy source?
there is an energy cost to excrete nitrogen
what is the limitation to using fat as an energy source?
leads to carcass fat, more difficult physical handling of diets
3 sources of energy
CHO, lipid, protein
definition of energy
ability to do work
energy is measured in terms of _________________________________________
heat production
1 calorie (small "c") =
heat to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 C
1000 calories =
1 kilocalorie (kcal)
1 Calorie (big "C") =
1 kcal
Joule =
the energy transferred to an object when a force of 1 newton acts on that object through a distance of 1 meter
1 cal = ___________ joules
4.18
1 joule = _____________ cal
0.239
what is BTU?
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water through 1 F
purpose of a bomb calorimeter
determination of gross energy of a feed, ingredient, fecal sample
principle of bomb calorimeter
a known amount of sample is combusted in the reaction chamber and the resulting heat (as measured by the increase in the temperature in the water bath) is determined.
1 gram carbohydrate = ________ kcal
4
1 gram lipid = ________ kcal
9
1 gram protein = _______ kcal
06-May
1 gram ethanol = ______ kcal
7
daily energy intake for a human
2500 kcal/day
daily energy intake for pigs: typical diet
3200-3400 kcal/kg
daily energy intake for pigs: growing pigs
10 Mcal/d (3 kg feed/d)
daily energy intake for pigs: lactating sow
20-40 Mcal/d (6-12 kg feed/d)
daily energy intake for horses
13-20 Mcal/d
daily energy intake for horses by energy densities: forage ______________ + concentrate ______________
1.8-2.1 Mcal/kg for forage; 3.0-3.4 Mcal/kg for concentrate
are concentrates or forage more energy dense?
concentrates
feed = _______________ energy
gross
feces = _____________ energy
fecal
digestible energy =
feed energy - fecal energy
feed energy - fecal energy =
digestible energy
digestible energy can be used to describe the ____________ or the _________________________________________
diet; ingredients in the diet
metabolizable energy (ME) =
digestible energy - (urinary+gas energy)
the breakdown products of metabolism
urinary energy
two products of gas energy
methane, hydrogen
gas energy is a calculation used in ruminants. what about non-ruminants?
used in ruminants; ignored in non-ruminants
net energy (NE) =
metabolizable energy - heat increment
define heat increment
heat production associated with nutrient digestion and metabolism and the heat of fermentation
the heat that is wasted or lost to the environment, but may also contribute to body temperature
heat increment
nutrient with highest heat increment
fiber
nutrient with lowest heat increment
fat
which has a higher heat increment...protein or digestible CHO?
protein
net energy = metabolizable energy - heat increment. But it also can =......
NEm + NEp (maintenance + production)
factors of NEm (maintenance)
heart rate, kidney, protein turnover, CNS activity, respiration, liver
-largest factor is ion balance
factors of NEp (production)
tissue (muscle, fat), lactation, egg production, pregnancy, wool, hair, feathers, work
energy lost from feed (gross energy)
fecal energy
energy lost from digestible energy (DE)
urinary (and gas) energy
energy lost from metabolizable energy (ME)
heat increment
energy lost from net energy (NE)
maintenance + production
heat production = _________________ + ________________________
heat increment + net energy for maintenance
what is used to determine heat production?
calorimetry
explain direct calorimetry
measure temperature change in chamber
ex
me
indirect calorimetry =
measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, then calculate heat production
retained energy =
protein and lipid deposition
retained energy is determined using...
comparative slaughter technique
if an animal eats above its maintenance requirements there will be...
retained energy
explain comparative slaughter technique
analyzes how much is gained and what the composition of that gain is
an increase in feed intake leads to an _________________ in retained energy
increase
what does PFV stand for?
physiological fuel values
PFV = ________ values
metabolizable energy
what are the physiological fuel values for CHO, fat, proten
CHO: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9 kcal/g
Protein: 4 kcal/g
defien total digestible nutrients (TDN)
a standard evaluation of the nutritional merit of a particular feed for farm animals which includes all the digestible organic nutrients- protein, fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and lipids.
TDN = (4 components)
digestible crude protein + digestible NFE + digestible crude fiber + 2.25 x digestible ether extract
TDN is expressed as: (2)
a percentage of the ration, or as lbs or kg of TDN
as crude fiber or ADF increases, TDN ____________________
decreases
_______________________(3) in ingredients are similar for all species
amino acids, minerals, vitamins
_________________________________ may differ by species
amino acid digestibility
energy values are species _____________________
specific
Meeting the energy requirement: CATTLE
DE, TDN, NEg
Meeting the energy requirement: DAIRY
DE, NEL
Meeting the energy requirement: HORSES
DE, TDN
Meeting the energy requirement: PIGS
DE, ME, NE
Meeting the energy requirement: POULTRY
ME, AME, TME
what does AME stand for?
apparent metabolizable energy
what does TME stand for?
true metabolizable energy
AME =
GE of feed - fecal, urinary
if AME is characterized by nitrogen retention it is written...
AMEn
TME =
GE - excreta energy
explain process of TME
test ingredient substituted for ingredient of known ME or subtract excreta energy in fasted birds
energy density is a measure of...
the energy (DE or ME) per unit of feed
energy density is expressed as...
kcal/kg or Mcal/kg
__________ has high energy density, ______________ has low energy density
fat, fiber
used to describe the energy content of a diet or an ingredient
energy density
low DE:GE =
high fiber
low ME:DE
high protein
ME:DE decrease means there is a higher loss of _______________ energy
urinary
DE:GE decrease means there is a higher loss of _______________ energy
fecal
energy requirement =
maintenance + growth + activity + environmental temperature
maintenance is estimated as a function of...
body weight to the 0.75 power
BW^0.75 =
metabolic body size
growth is composition of...
gain
composition of gain =
protein and lipid deposition
thermoneutrality =
temperature where animal does not need to burn calories to maintain body temperature
what happens at temperatures below thermoneutrality?
calories must be expended
provide prioritization of nutrient use according to Hammond's Principles of Energy Utilization
CNS=fetus > bone > muscle > fat
the preferred form of energy
carbohydrates
what is the limitation to protein as an energy source?
there is an energy cost to excrete nitrogen
what is the limitation to using fat as an energy source?
leads to carcass fat, more difficult physical handling of diets