flowcharts: what is first additive (how to know)
if CO2H then Na; if N then HCl
flowcharts: what is removed in ether first
neutral group
flowcharts: how many products
three; NaCl and two originals in their own solvents
Benedict's reagent, 100 means
top become CO2- with an Na+; if there is a C=O in middle then two products to show L and D products; DO NOT forget Cu2O (s) product
what is a reducing sugar
one with Hemiketal; hemiacetal; aldehyde; ketone
DRAW Hemiketal; hemiacetal; aldehyde; ketone
...
H2SO4 with heat means
get rid of HO and replace with double bond; may be a few forms of answer. major will be most substituted
GC polarity questions
more polar = longer retention time
KOH, ethanol, heat means
Br is ripped off and forms the least substituted double bond
DCC/RT means
get rid of H2O (OH from one, H from NH2) then make it c=o and With R group and one H; may end up forming a ring if OH is on the end of the carbon chain
LiAlH4, EtO/H2O means
get rid of =O
what if you have H2 in excess and Pd/C
give the N's H's. if there is a = by an N it's gone. if CN NH2CH2
what if toluene
get rid of O, replace with N
how many things does N like attached to it for a neutral charge
three total
what if excess Carbon&neagtive ion/K2CO3
give N extra Carbon groups until it is +1 to balance the -1 negative ion
HCl in heat means
get rid of N and throw an OH on
what is DCC
cyclic-N=C=N-cyclic
excess H2 and pd/C means
H's for every N. get rid of double bonds by N's and O's by N's
MeI/K2Co3 menas
throw Me on the N until it has a + charge to balance I-
if you have excess NH3 means
you're forming amino acids! must have N terminus and C terminus with + on one side and - on the other. need to keep one =O and have the side chain.
what happens if pI is less than pH
amino acids have net negative character and migrate towards the positive electrode
if pI is greater than pH, then
two +'s
if pI = pH
then + and -
if pI is less than pH, then
only one -