anticodon
Sequence of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that pairs with the corresponding codon in messenger RNA in translation
alternative processing pathways
One of several pathways by which a single pre-mRNA can be processed in different ways to produce alternative types of mRNA
alternative splicing
Process by which a single pre-mRNA can be spliced in more than one way to produce different types of mRNA
branch point
Adenine nucleotide in nuclear pre-mRNA introns that lies from 18 to 40 nucleotides upstream of the 3' splice site
cloverleaf structure
Secondary structure common to all tRNAs
codon
Sequence of three nucleotides that encodes one amino acid in a protein
Colinear
Concept that there is a direct correspondence between the nucleotide sequence of a gene and the continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein
Exons
Coding region of a split gene, after processing the exons remain in messenger RNA
Group II introns
Belongs to a class of introns in some protein-encoding genes that are capable of self-splicing and are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a few eubacteria
Group I introns
Belongs to a class of introns in some ribosomal RNA genes that are capable of self-splicing
Guide RNAs
RNA molecule that serves as a template for an alteration made in mRNA during RNA editing
Introns
Intervening sequence in a split gene; removed from the RNA after transcription
Large ribosomal subunit
The larger of the two subunits of a functional ribosome
lariat
Looplike structure created in the splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA in which the 5' end of an intron is attached to a branch point in pre-mRNA
Modified bases
Rare base found in some RNA molecules. Such bases are modified forms of the standard bases
multiple 3' cleavage sites
Refers to the presence of more than one 3' cleavage site on a single pre-mRNA, which allows cleavage and polyadenylation to take place at different sites, producing mRNAs of different lengths
Nuclear pre-mRNA introns
Belongs to a class of introns in protein-encoding genes that reside in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells
poly (A) tail
String of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA after transcription
Protein-coding region
The part of mRNA consisting of the nucleotides that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein
RNA editing
Process in which the protein-coding sequence of an mRNA is altered after transcription.
RNA-induced silencing complex
Combination of a small interfering RNA molecule or a microRNA molecule and proteins that can cleave mRNA leading to the degradation of the mRNA
Shine-Dalgarno
Consensus sequence found in the bacterial 5' untranslated region of mRNA
Small ribosomal subunit
The smaller of the two subunits of a functional ribosome
3' splice site
The 3' end of an intron where cleavage takes place in RNA splicing
5' splice site
The 5' end of an intron where cleavage takes place in RNA splicing
spliceosome
Large complex consisting of several RNAs and many proteins that splices protein-encoding pre-mRNA
Transfer RNA introns
Belongs to a class of introns in tRNA genes. the splicing of these genes relies on enzymes
Trans-splicing
The process of splicing together exons from two or more pre-mRNAs
tRNA-modifying enzymes
Creates a modified base in RNA by catalyzing a chemical change in the standard base
5' untranslated region
Sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of mRNA
3' untranslated region
Sequence of nucleotides at the 3' end of mRNA