The DNA polymer is composed of repeating units called
Nucleotides
DNA nucleotide consists of three components linked together by condensation:
Phosphate, Five-carbon sugar, Nitrogenous bases
Replicates DNA prior to mitosis; Separates the two complementary strands, unlocking them, takes free nucleotides from the cytoplasm and pairs up the nucleotides needed to match the exposed nucleotides of the stands
DNA Polymerase
When replication has finished, two identical copies of DNA has been produced. Each new DNA molecules contains one of the original strands and a newly synthesized complementary strand. This process is called
Semiconservative DNA Replication
RNA differs from DNA by (4)
1) RNA molecules is smaller
2) Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
3) RNA sugar is Ribose, not Deoxyribose
4) There is one major form of DNA, but there are several forms of RNA
Carries the message from DNA to the cytoplasm, where the message is read and translated into a protein
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The process of making an mRNA copy of DNA; takes place in the nucleus
Transcription
Large enzyme, transcribes DNA into RNA
RNA polymerase
A group of three mRNA nucleotides
Codons
An organelle consisting of ribosomal RNA and various proteins
Ribosomes
The process of combining a specific number of amino acids together in a specific sequence, as determined by the mRNA sequence
Translation
Temporarily binds to the mRNA
tRNA
A group of three nucleotides comprise the
anticodon
Any change in the DNA
Mutation
Mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by another
Base substitution
A change in the final amino acid sequence of a protein
Silent Mutation
Mutation where the altered codon still codes for an amino acid, but for a different amino acid
Missense Mutation
Mutation when the altered codon is a stop codon, and translation is stopped prematurely
Nonsense Mutation
Mutation is when one or more nucleotides are added or removed from the DNA
Base deletion or Base insertion
Bacterial enzymes that recognize a specific DNA sequence wherever it occurs in the DNA, and thence the DNA at that sequence
Restriction Enzymes
Phenomenon protects the bacteria's own DNA from hydrolysis
Methylation
The foreign piece of DNA may thus be incorporated into the DNA
Recombinant DNA
Adenine and Guanine are doubled ringed...
Purines
Thymine and Cytosine are smaller ringed...
Pyrimidines