What does each Nucleotide contain?
A phosphate, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base
Nucleotide base pairing
Adenine ?-> Thymine
Guanine ? -> Cytosine
The 4 Nitrogen Bases
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine
What does DNA consist of?
a double helix
The center is nitrogen bases
Sides are phosphates and sugars
Transcription
When DNA turns into RNA
The RNA Nucleotides
Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine
When The DNA Nucleotide is Guanine the RNA nucleotide is....
Cytosine
When The DNA Nucleotide is Thymine the RNA nucleotide is....
Adenine
When The DNA Nucleotide is Adenine the RNA nucleotide is....
Uracil
When The DNA Nucleotide is Cytosine the RNA nucleotide is....
Guanine
When the RNA nucleotide is Cytosine the DNA nucleotide is...
Guanine
When the RNA nucleotide is Adenine the DNA nucleotide is...
Thymine
When the RNA nucleotide is Uracil the DNA nucleotide is...
Adenine
When the RNA nucleotide is Guanine the DNA nucleotide is...
Cytosine
Where Does Transcription Occur
the nucleus
Transcription Step 1
Enzyme unwinds DNA and the 2 strands seperate
Transcription Step 2
Enzyme moves along DNA nucleotide and adds the complementary RNA Nucleotides.
Transcription Step 3
When complete a complementary RNA strand is produced. This strand codes for a gene.
What is Translation?
RNA to Amino Acid
Where does translation take place
The cytoplasm
Codon
3 sequential nucleotides on a mRna molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.
anticodon
3 sequential nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that match with the mRNA codon.
Step 1: Translation
As the mRNA enters the cytoplasm, a ribosome binds to mRNA at a specific area.
Step 2: Translation
The ribosomes starts matching tRNA anticodon sequences to the mRNA codon sequence.
Step 3: Translation
Each time a new tRNA comes into the ribosome, it carries a specific amino acid that is specific to the mRNA's codon.
Step 4: Translation
The ribosomes then connects the sequential amino acids together Which is a peptide bond creating a protein chain.
Step 5: Translation
The tRNA then detaches from the mRNA and the ribosome, leaving it's amino acid behind.
Step 6: Translation
The next tRNA molecule then matches with a codon and brings another amino acid.
Step 7: Translation
The process repeats until it reaches a stop codon and the ribosome released the amino acid chain. (protein)
Step 8: Translation
The protein forms into its native shape and starts acting as a functional protein (enzyme) in the cell.
Mutation
The DNA is changed which impacts the function of a gene.
Substitution
A type of mutation
When one nucleotide mistakenly replaces another
Addition
A type of mutation
When one nucleotide is mistakenly added
Deletion
A type of mutation
When one nucleotide is mistakenly removed