DNA
molecule that stores genetic material
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
Whats DNA's monomer?
nucleotide
Gene
section of DNA that holds instructions to build a protein
Nucleotide structure
1. sugar molecule
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen base
A pairs with...
T
C pairs with...
G
T pairs with...
A
G pairs with...
C
What are nucleotides?
When sugar connects with the phosphate group
What are the 4 nucleotides?
1. Adenine
2. Thymine
3. Guanine
4. Cytosine
Double helix
spiral shape of DNA
What are nucleotide strands connected by?
Hydrogen bonds
What is DNA replication?
The process of copying DNA
When is DNA replication?
During interphase
Step 1 of DNA replication?
DNA helicase "unzips" the 2 DNA strands
Step 2 of DNA replication?
free flowing nucleotides match up
Step 3 of DNA replication?
DNA polymerase reconnects the 2 strands
Mutation
change in DNA sequence
Can mutations be corrected?
Yes
How are mutations corrected?
Enzymes "proofread" DNA and check/correct errors
RNA
single nucleotide strand
RNA's sugar
ribose
RNA's 4 bases
1. Adenine
2. Uracil
3. Guanine
4. Cytosine
3 types of RNA
1. messenger RNA
2. transfer RNA
3. ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA's job
copies DNA code and moves it to the ribosome
Transfer RNA's job
transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
components of ribosomes
Messenger RNA's location
starts in nucleus > moves to ribosome
Transfer RNA's location
cytoplasm
Transcription
The process of making mRNA from DNA
Step 1 of transcription
RNA polymerase separates the DNA nucleotides
Step 2 of transcription
free floating RNA nucleotides match with the DNA
Step 3 of transcription
mRNA breaks free in separate pieces
Step 4 of transcription
mRNA processing takes place
Step 5 of transcription
final mRNA strands travels to ribosome
Step 6 of transcription
DNA recombines to be used again
Protein synthesis involves what 2 processes?
1. transcription
2. translation
Codon
combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides
Translation
process of making proteins
How does translation begin?
When the mRNA codon "AUG" is read by a ribosome
Step 1 of translation
mRNA enters ribosome
Step 2 of translation
ribosome reads 1 mRNA codon at a time
Step 3 of translation
tRNA delivers amino acids until a protein is created
AUG =
Methionine
GCU =
Alanine
tRNA anticodon matches with...
the mRNA codon
How does translation end?
When a "stop" codon is reattached
What's the result of translation?
a protein
Sugar found in a nucleotide:
deoxyribose