Why do adolescent girls have a lower max ventilatory volumes compared to adolescent boys?
lung volumes are smaller in girls
maximal heart increases while maximal stroke volume decreases with age.
True
Aerobic training can help improve both evaporative and convective heat loss in older populations
True
From childhood to adulthood, increases in muscle mass (even in the absence of a training program) are primarily due to
fiber hypertrophy
Why does stroke volume increase from childhood through adolescence to adulthood?
heart size increases
Bone matrix is dissolved and reabsorbed by a specific type of bone cell called
Osteoclasts
Which of these is not a physiological factor in the etiology of obesity?
inadequate physical activity
Insulin administration is a primary course of treatment for which type of diabetes?
Type 1
High levels of muscle strength, power, and skill are not possible in children until ________________ occurs.
nerve myelination
A drawback of using BMI measurement is that
BMI does not account for differences in body composition
Which of the following components accounts for greatest energy expenditures in sedentary humans?
Resting metabolic rate
Apple shaped (android) obesity carriers a higher risk for all of the following except
osteoarthritis
In children, stroke volume is higher while heart rate is slower during a bout of endurance exercise, meaning that cardiac output values in children are similar to those seen in adults.
False
Type I muscle fibers may become more prevalent with aging for these reasons except
type I fiber hypertrophy
Which of these is the most critical factor that predisposes older women to osteoporosis?
low estrogen levels later in life
Which of the following activities would most likely increase resting metabolic rate?
Resistance training
Fat-free mass decreases during aging due to
decrease in protein synthesis
What statement is NOT true when comparing 30 min of low-intensity aerobics to 30 min of high-intensity aerobics?
High and low intensities burn the same number of total kilocalories
The best form of exercise for increasing bone mineral density in children is
basketball
Primary aging leads to a shift in body composition from the________ of the body and toward the ____________.
periphery, center
As children grow into adolescence and then adulthood why does maximal oxygen uptake increase?
Cardiorespiratory capacities increase
Why is the aterial-venous oxygen difference during a single bout of exercise higher in children than adults?
higher muscle blood flow
Maximal heart rate cannot be improved (increased) with aerobic training in older population.
True
Which of these bioenergetic systems is relatively unchanged from childhood to adulthood?
ATP-PCr
Endurance training in older adutls results in all of the following EXCEPT
Greater fat-free mass
What do cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and sleep apena all have in common?
They are all health complications of obesity
Resistance training in older populations leads to all of the following EXCEPT
significant transformation from type I fibers to type II fibers
What is the optimal range of weight loss in pound(s) per week?
1 to 2
Maximal oxygen uptake improves with aerobic training due to ________ adaptations in young exercises and __________ adaptations in older exercisers.
cervical, peripheral
Which fuel substrates do children rely on more during aerobic exercise?
Fat
Which of these cardiovascular variables is higher during a single bout of submaximal exercise in children compared to adults?
Heart rate
Neutral adaptations to strength training may play a role in strength gains in the elderly
True
According to BMI tables, someone with a BMI of 24.5 would be categorized as
normal weight
Why is skeletal muscle vasodilation improved after habitual exercises in older individuals?
enhanced endothelial function
Which of these cardiovascular changes is the primary cause of age-related decrements in exercise performance?
lower maximal heart rate
Other than physically supporting the body, bone serves an important function as a(n)
calcium reservoir
Fat max zone defined as that zone where fat oxidation rates are within 10%of the peak rate, varies from between ________of VO2 max
55 to 70%
Which of the following hormones is responsible for the transport of glucose into cells?
insulin
Fat around the abdomen and fat around the hips and thighs are equally unhealthy.
false
The state of a child adolescent's maturity can be defined by all of these EXCEPT
height
In type II diabetes, what is the primary effect of exercise?
enhance insulin sensitivity
Resistance training leads to strength gains in children through which mechanism?
neural mechanisms
Obesity is a precursor to the development of type 1 diabetes
false
The peak rates of growth in height and weight occur
about 6 months apart
With aging, running performance declines
independent of race distance
Because children are smaller than adults, running economy is often better in children
false
Why are children at higher risk for excessive convective heat transfer?
Higher surface area-to-mass ratio
Reductions in maximal aerobic capacity with aging are due to
reduced cardiac output
Children secrete more sweat per sweat gland than adults, helping children dissipate heat more easily through evaporation
false
Anaerobic training in children leads to increased anaerobic capacity due to all of the following except
increased calcium availability