The Art of Public Speaking Ch 1-16

Stage fright

Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.

Adrenaline

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

Positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

Visualization

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

Critical thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

Speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.

Message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

Channel

the means by which a message is communicated

Listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

Frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Feedback

The message, usually nonverbal, sent from listener to a speaker.

Interference

anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners

Situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Ethics

- the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Name- calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the united states constitution

Plagiarism

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

Global Plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.

Incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

Listening

paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

Appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

Empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

Comprehensive listening

listening to understanding the message of the speaker

Critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it.

Spare "brain time

the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language

Active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

Key- word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

Topic

the subject of a speech

Brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

General purpose

the broad goal of a speech

Specific purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

Central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

Audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Identification

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

Egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well -being

Demographic audience analysis

- audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Situational audience analysis

- Audience analysis the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

Attitude

- a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, ect.

Fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

Scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Open- ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

periodical database

a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines

abstract

a summary of a magazine or a journel article, written by someone other than the original author

reference work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers

general encyclopedia

a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge

special encyclopedia

a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc

yearbook

a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year

biographical aid

a reference work that provides information about people

virtual library

a search engine that combines interent technology with traditional library methods cataloguing and assessing data

sponsoring organization

an organization that in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

example

a specific cas used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas,conditions, experiences, or the like

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

statistics

numerical data

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

mode

the number that appears the most

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

paraphrase

to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

casual order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause - effect relationship

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with te existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

connective

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out load

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among the speaker's ideas

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she wants to deliver key parts of the speech

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

simile

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

cliche

a trite or overused expression

metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a pattern created by the choice and arrangement of words

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

generic "he

the use of "he" to refer to both men and women

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

volume

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

vocalized pause

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er" and "um

vocal variety

Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

pronunciation

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammer, or vocabulary

kinesics

the study of body motions as systematic mode of communications

gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

model

an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail

graph

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

line graph

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

pie graph

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

chart

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information usually in list form

transparency

a visual aid drawn, written or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector

multimedia presentation

a speech that combines several kinds of visual and or audio aids in the same talk

font

a complete set of type of the same design

serif font

a typeface with rounded edges on the letters

sans-serif font

a typeface with straight edges on the letters

animation

the way objects enter or exit a powerpoint slide

fair use

a provision of copyright law that permits students and teachers to use portions of copyrighted materials for educational purposes

informative speech

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

object

anything that is visible tangible,and stable in form

process

a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product

event

anything that happens or is regarded as happening

concept

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

description

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

comparison

a statement of the similarities among two or more people events ideas etc

contrast

a statement of the differences among two or more people events ideas etc

personalize

to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

speech to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

plan

the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem

practicality

the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan sove the problem? Will it create new and more serious problem?

problem-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

comparative advatages order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

Monroe's motivated sequence

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. the two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything he says and does during the speech

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech

creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

evidence

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

logos

the name used by aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to general conclusion

hasty generalization

an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

false cause

an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second, Post hoc Fallacy

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

fallacy

an error in reasoning

red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather then dealing with the real issue in dispute

either or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

bandwagon

a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct,or desirable

slipper slope

a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

pathos

the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal