Stage fright
Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.
Adrenaline
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.
Positive nervousness
Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
Visualization
Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
Critical thinking
Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
Speaker
The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.
Message
Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
Channel
the means by which a message is communicated
Listener
the person who receives the speaker's message
Frame of reference
the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.
Feedback
The message, usually nonverbal, sent from listener to a speaker.
Interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners
Situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
Ethics
- the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
Ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
Name- calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the united states constitution
Plagiarism
Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
Global Plagiarism
Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
Patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.
Incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
Paraphrase
To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
Hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
Listening
paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
Appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
Empathic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
Comprehensive listening
listening to understanding the message of the speaker
Critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it.
Spare "brain time
the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language
Active listening
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
Key- word outline
an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
Topic
the subject of a speech
Brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.
General purpose
the broad goal of a speech
Specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
Central idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
Residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
Audience-centeredness
Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
Identification
A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
Egocentrism
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well -being
Demographic audience analysis
- audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.
Stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.
Situational audience analysis
- Audience analysis the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion
Attitude
- a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, ect.
Fixed-alternative questions
questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
Scale questions
questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
Open- ended questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.
catalogue
a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
call number
a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.
periodical database
a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines
abstract
a summary of a magazine or a journel article, written by someone other than the original author
reference work
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
general encyclopedia
a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge
special encyclopedia
a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc
yearbook
a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year
biographical aid
a reference work that provides information about people
virtual library
a search engine that combines interent technology with traditional library methods cataloguing and assessing data
sponsoring organization
an organization that in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
research interview
an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
preliminary bibliography
a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
supporting materials
the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
example
a specific cas used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas,conditions, experiences, or the like
brief example
a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
extended example
a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
hypothetical example
an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
statistics
numerical data
mean
the average value of a group of numbers
median
the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest
mode
the number that appears the most
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
expert testimony
testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
peer testimony
testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
direct quotation
testimony that is presented word for word
paraphrase
to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words
quoting out of context
quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it
strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
main points
the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
casual order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause - effect relationship
problem-solution order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with te existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
supporting materials
the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
connective
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
rhetorical question
a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out load
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
goodwill
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
preview statement
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
crescendo ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
dissolve ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
visual framework
the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among the speaker's ideas
bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
speaking outline
a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
delivery cues
directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she wants to deliver key parts of the speech
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
thesaurus
a book of synonyms
concrete words
words that refer to tangible objects
abstract words
words that refer to ideas or concepts
clutter
discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
simile
an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
cliche
a trite or overused expression
metaphor
an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
rhythm
the pattern of sound in a pattern created by the choice and arrangement of words
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
inclusive language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
generic "he
the use of "he" to refer to both men and women
nonverbal communication
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
manuscript speech
a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
impromptu speech
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
conversational quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
volume
the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
pitch
the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
inflections
changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice
monotone
a constant pitch or tone of voice
rate
the speed at which a person speaks
pause
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
vocalized pause
a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er" and "um
vocal variety
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
pronunciation
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds
dialect
a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammer, or vocabulary
kinesics
the study of body motions as systematic mode of communications
gestures
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
model
an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail
graph
a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
line graph
a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space
pie graph
a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns
bar graph
a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
chart
a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information usually in list form
transparency
a visual aid drawn, written or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector
multimedia presentation
a speech that combines several kinds of visual and or audio aids in the same talk
font
a complete set of type of the same design
serif font
a typeface with rounded edges on the letters
sans-serif font
a typeface with straight edges on the letters
animation
the way objects enter or exit a powerpoint slide
fair use
a provision of copyright law that permits students and teachers to use portions of copyrighted materials for educational purposes
informative speech
a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
object
anything that is visible tangible,and stable in form
process
a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
event
anything that happens or is regarded as happening
concept
a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like
description
a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness
comparison
a statement of the similarities among two or more people events ideas etc
contrast
a statement of the differences among two or more people events ideas etc
personalize
to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
persuasion
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
mental dialogue with the audience
the mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
target audience
the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
question of fact
a question about the truth or falsity of assertion
question of value
a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
speech to gain passive agreement
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
speech to gain immediate action
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
need
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy
burden of proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
plan
the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem
practicality
the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan sove the problem? Will it create new and more serious problem?
problem-solution order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
problem-cause-solution order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
comparative advatages order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
Monroe's motivated sequence
a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
ethos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. the two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character
initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before he starts to speak
derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything he says and does during the speech
terminal credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech
creating common ground
a technique in which a speaker connects himself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
evidence
supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
logos
the name used by aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.
reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to general conclusion
hasty generalization
an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
reasoning from principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
false cause
an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second, Post hoc Fallacy
analogical reasoning
reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
invalid analogy
an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
fallacy
an error in reasoning
red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather then dealing with the real issue in dispute
either or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
bandwagon
a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct,or desirable
slipper slope
a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
pathos
the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal