Public Speaking
The process of presenting a message to an audience, small or large
Empowerment
Having resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal
Critical Thinking
Analyzing information to judge its accuracy and relevance
Source
The public speaker
Encode
To translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols
Code
A verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image
Message
The content of a speech and the mode of its delivery
Decode
To translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images
Channels
The visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver
Receiver
A listener or an audience member
External Noise
Physical sounds that interfere with communication
Internal Noise
Physiological or psychological interference with communication
Feedback
Verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker
Context
The environment or situation in which a speech occurs
Rhetoric
The use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
Declamation
The delivery of an already famous speech
Elocution
The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice
5 Cannons of preparing and Presenting a Speech
Invention-the creative process of developing your ideas
Arrangement-how the speech is organized
Style-your choice of words
Memory-the extent to which you use notes or rely on your memory to share your ideas
Delivery-the nonverbal expression of your message
Four styles of of communication apprehension
Average: positive approach to communicating in public, overall heart rate is average, and high rating of performance
Insensitive: previous experience, less sensitive to apprehension when speaking, lower heart rate; success rate is moderate
Inflexible: highest heart rate; fear motivates to prepare and perform best or others their speaking is diminished
Confrontational: High heart rate at 1st, then average; experienced speakers
How to build confidence
Don't Procrastinate
Learn as much as possible about audience
Select a topic you're interested in/know a lot about
Be prepared and well organized
Be familiar with intro and conclusion
Rehearse while standing, aloud, and in an alike environment
Use breathing techniques to help you relax
Channel nervous energy
Visualize being successful
Give yourself a mental pep talk
Focus on your message not your fear
Look for positive supporter listener
Focus on accomplishments and not what you did wrong
Seek other experiences to gain confidence
Speech Topic
The key focus of the content of a speech
General Purpose
The overarching goal of a speech-to inform, persuade, or entertain
Specific Purpose
A concise statement of the desired audience response, indicating what you want your listeners to remember, feel, or do when you finish speaking
Central Idea
A one-sentence summary of the speech content
Main Ideas
The key points of a speech
Invention
The development or discovery of ideas and insights
Disposition
The organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations
Whats the 5 Purposes of an Introduction
Get the audience's attention
Give the Audience a reason to listen
Introduce the subject
Establish your credibility
Preview your main ideas
Anecdote
An illustration or story
Effective Introductions
Illustrations/Anecdotes
Startling facts/stats
Quotes/humor/questions
References to historical or recent events
References to occasion or preceding speeches
Personal references
Rhetorical Question
A question intended to provoke thought rather than elicit an answer
Purposes of a Conclusion
Summarize the speech
Reemphasize Central idea in a memorable way
Restate the main ideas
Provide closure
Give verbal/nonverbal signals end of speech
Motive audience to respond
Suggestions for effective conclusions
Methods also used for introductions
References to the Introduction
Inspirational appeals or challenges
Oral vs. Written Style
Oral: more personal, repetitive, looser construction and less formal
Written: has more complex, longer sentence
4 ways to ensure using words effectively
Keep language specific and cornet
Keep language simple and avoid a long word when a short one will do
Use language correctly(consider connotative and denotative meanings)
Be concise by eliminating words/phrases that add no meaning to your message and avoid narrating your speaking technique
Ladder of Abstraction
Continuum model of abstract and concrete words for a concept, idea, or thing
Denotation
The literal meaning of a word
Connotation
The meaning listens associate with a word, base on their experiences
Concise
Succinct or to the point
Cliche
An overused expression
Ethnic Vernacular
A variety of English that includes words and phrases used by a specific ethnic group
Regionalisms
Words or phrases used uniquely by speakers in one part of a country
Jargon
The specialized language of a profession
Standard American English
The English taught by schools and used in the media, business, and government in the United States
3 Ways to Adapt Your Language Style to Diverse Listeners
Use language audience can understand
Avoid offending audience by using appropriate language
Use unbiased language to communicate sensitivity to diverse audience
Figure of Speech
Language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a decryption or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable
Metaphor
An implied comparison between two things or concepts
Simile
A comparison between two things using like or as
Crisis Rhetoric
Language used by speakers during momentous or overwhelming times
Personification
The attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas
Omission
Leaving out a word or phrase the listener expects to hear
Inversion
Reversing the normal word order of a phrase or sentence
Suspension
Withholding a key word or phrase until the end of a sentence
Cadence
The rhythm of a language
Repetition
Use of a key word or phrase more than once for emphasis
Parallelism
Use of the same grammatical pattern for two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences
Antithesis
Opposition, such as that used in parallel two-part sentences in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first
Alliteration
The repetition of a consonant sound (usually the first consonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence
Ways to Make Memorable Word Structures
creating figurative images
Creating Drama by varied sentence structures
Creating Cadence
Using Memorable Word Structures Effectively
Use sparingly, at strategic points in your speech, and to economize them(redo long and complex sentence structures)
Nonverbal Communication
Communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning
Nonverbal Expectancy Theory
A communication theory that suggests that if listeners' expectations about how communication should be expressed are violated, listeners will feel less favorable toward the communicator of the message
Emotional Contagion Theory
A theory suggesting that people tend to "catch" the emotions of others
5 Characteristics of a nonverbal communication
Creates a majority of the meaning of speech
Disappoints audiences when it violates their expectations
Communicates all the emotion in a speech
helps listeners "catch" the speaker's feelings
Often more believable than words
Manuscript Speaking
Reading a speech from a written text
Memorized Speaking
Delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes
Impromptu Speech
Delivering a speech without advance preparation
5 Guidelines of Impromptu Speeches
Consider your audience
Be Brief
Organize
Speak honestly, but with reserve, from personal experience and knowledge
Be cautious
Extemporaneous Speaking
Speaking from a written or memorized speech outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech
Characteristics of Effective Delivery
Eye Contact, Gestures, Posture, Movement, Facial Expression, Vocal Delivery, and Personal Appearance
Immediacy
The degree of perceived physical or psychological closeness between people
Immediacy Behaviors
Behaviors such as making eye contact, making appropriate gestures, and adjusting physical distance that enhance the quality of the relationship between speaker and listeners
Volume
The softness or loudness of a speaker's voice
Articulation
The production of clear and distinct speech sounds
Dialect
A consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region
Pronunciation
The use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately
Pitch
How high or low the voice sounds
Inflection
The variation in the pitch of the voice
Lavaliere Microphone
A microphone that can be clipped to an article of clothing or worn on a cord around your neck
Boom Microphone
A microphone that is suspended from a bar and moved to follow the speaker; often used in movies and TV
Stationary Microphone
A microphone attached to a lectern, sitting on a desk, or standing on the floor
6 Ways to Deliver to Diverse Audience
Avoid ethnocentric mindset
Consider using a less dramatic style for predominantly high-context
Consult with other speakers who have presented to your audience
Monitor your level of immediacy with your audience
Monitor the intensity of your expression of emotion
Know the code
5 Tips for Rehearsing Speech
More time preparing and rehearsing = higher grade
Finish outline two days before speech
Rehearse aloud and time your speech before making your speech notes
Make rehearsals like actual setting as much as you can
Seek feedback and self-critique video of your rehearsal
5 Tips for Delivering Your Speech
Be well rested
Review suggestions for becoming confident speaker
Arrive Early
Prepare Room and Equipment
Visualize success
8 Tips for Responding to Questions
Prepare and ask the first question
Listen nonjudgmental; repeat or rephrase questions
Respond to whole audience
Bring off-topic questions back to your message
Acknowledge emotions, keep to the issue, and avoid personal responses to hostile questions
Admit it when you don't know the answer
Keep answers brief and organized
Warn audience when session is ending