nonverbal communication
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
manuscript speech
speech written out word for word and read to the audience
impromptu speech
Speech delivered with little to no immediate preparation
extemporaneous speech
carefully prepared and rehearsed speech from a brief set of notes
conversation quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
volume
loudness or softness of a speaker's voice
pitch
highness or lowness of the speakers voice
inflections
changes in pitch or tone of a speaker's voice
monotone
constant pitch or tone of voice
rate
speed at which a person speaks
pause
momentary break in vocal delivery of a speech
vocalized
pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" & "um
vocal variety
changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
pronunciation
accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
articulation
physical production of particular speech sounds
dialect
variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
kinesics
study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
gestures
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
denotative meaning
literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
concrete words
words that refer to tangible objects
abstract words
words that refer to ideas or concepts
clutter
discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas
simile
an explicit comparison introduced with the words "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
metaphor
an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
rhythm
pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
antithesis
juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
inclusive language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion disability, sexual orientation or other factors
generic "he
the use of "her" to refer to both women and men
supporting materials
the materials used to support a speaker's idea
3 major kinds: examples, stats, testimony
example
a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
brief example
specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
extended example
a story, narrative or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
hypothetical example
an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious
statistics
numerical data
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
expert testimony
testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
peer testimony
testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight into the topic
direct quotation
testimony that is presented word for word
paraphrase
to restate or summarize a source's ideas in ones
quoting out of context
quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it
persuasion
process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
mental dialogue
the mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
target audience
portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
question of fact
a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
question of value
a question about the worth, rightness, morality and so forth of an idea or action
question of policy
question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
speeches to gain passive agreement
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
speeches to gain immediate action
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
need
first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy
burden of proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
plan
the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy
practicality
the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy
problem - solution order
method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
problem - cause - solution order
method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
comparative advantage order
method organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
monroe's motivated sequence
method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action
ethos
name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character
initial credibility
credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak
derived credibility
credibility of a speaker produced by everything he or she says and does during the speech
terminal credibility
credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
creating common ground
a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
evidence
supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
logos
the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning
reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
reasoning from principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
analogical reasoning
reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
fallacy
error in reasoning
hasty generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
false cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
invalid analogy
an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
band wagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
either - or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
slippery slope
a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
appeal to tradition
fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
appeal to novelty
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
pathos
name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to an emotional appeal
speech of introduction
speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
speech of presentation
speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
speech of acceptance
speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
commemorative speech
speech that pays tribute to a person, group of people, an institution or idea