What are the four characteristics of public speaking?
Audience, Idea, Method, Speaker
What is the most historical tradition of public speaking?
...
What are the main components of the transactional model of communication?
- Communicative exchange in which all participants continuously send and receive messages
- Participants in public speaking can also send and receive messages by providing feedback: (verbal or nonverbal responses)
- The participants seek to create shared
How is the transactional model different from the linear model?
- One way flow of ideas from speaker to audience
- Speaker "injected" listeners with his or her ideas
- A person with an idea to express is the source, and the ideas that he or she conveys to the audience constitute the message
- The source encodes the me
How does critical thinking influenced public speaking?
- Critical thinking refers to the analysis and evaluation of ideas based on reliability, truth, and accuracy
- When engaged in critical thinking, you carefully evaluate the evidence and reasoning presented in the message
- You are open minded about your o
How does ethics influence public speaking?
- Careful consideration of the rights and responsibilities that come into play when individuals are free to express their ideas in a public forum
- Freedom of expression: the right to share one's ideas and opinions free from censorship-vital in a democrat
How does diversity influence public speaking?
- Culture: the values, traditions, and rules for living that are passed from generation to generation
- Culture is learned, and it influences all aspects of a person's life including religious practices, use of language, food choices, dress, and ways of c
Source
A person with an idea to express
Message
The ideas that he or she conveys to the audience
Encode
When the source chooses verbal and nonverbal symbols to express the ideas
Channel
The medium of delivery
Verbal symbol
The words that the source uses to convey an idea
Nonverbal symbol
The means of making a point without the use of words
EX:hand gestures, movement and facial expressions
Receiver
In a linear model, those who try to make sense of the sources messages
Decode
Receivers process the source's verbal and nonverbal symbols and form their own perception of the message's meaning
Noise (interference)
A phenomenon that disrupts communication between source and receiver
Transaction
A communicative exchange in which all participants continuously send and receive messages
Feedback
When an audience member responds in the form of verbal or nonverbal responses
Ex: audience member who shouts "That's right!" in response to a compelling point
Shared meaning
In a transactional model- a common understanding with little confusion and few misinterpretations
Culture
The values, tradition and rules for living that are passed from generation to generation
Worldview
The "lens" through which he or she sees and interprets reality
Critical thinking
The analysis and evaluation of ideas based on reliability, truth and accuracy
Freedom of expression
The right to share one's ideas and opinions free from censorship- vital in a democratic society
Ethics
A set of beliefs shared by a group about what behaviors are correct or incorrect
What are Cicero's five classical canons of rhetoric?
Invention, Arrangement, Style (Word choice), Memory, Delivery
What are the thirteen steps for preparing and delivering your first speech?
---> on word document
How do speakers manage speech anxiety?
- Speech anxiety: the worry or fear some people experience before giving a talk (stage fright)
- Wide variety of forms
- Select a topic you know and enjoy
- Start preparing early
- Take care of yourself
- Visualize success
- Visualization: imagine yoursel
Classical canons of rhetoric
Cicero's preparing of speech: invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery
Invention
Generation of ideas for use in a speech- speaker's own ideas and other sources
Arrangement
Structuring ideas to convey them effectively to an audience; organization
EX: In persuasive speech the 3 main points might explain a problem, analyze cause of problem, offer solution
Style
Choice of language that will best express a speaker's ideas to the audience
Memory (preparation)
The work that speakers do to remain in command of their material when they present a speech
Delivery
The speaker's use of his or her voice and body during the actual presentation of a speech -> strong delivery= voice, gestures and eye contact are strong
Audience analysis
The process of learning about an audience's interests and backgrounds in order to create a speech that meets their needs
Topic
The subject you will address in your speech
Rhetorical purpose
The reason why a speaker is giving a particular speech. Every speech must have on- A primary goal for the speech.
Thesis statment
A single sentence that sums up your speech's main message and reflects your narrowed topic
Main points
The major ideas you will emphasize in your presentation
Supporting materials
Information that bolsters and fleshes out the claims made in each of your main points
Brainstorming
The process of quickly listing every idea that comes to mind, without evaluation its merits, in order to develop a substantial list of ideas
Research
The process of gathering information from libraries, quality online sources, and interviews with sources who are knowledgeable about your topic
Bibliographic information
Noting the following items so that you can incorporate them into your outline and your speech
-The author or writer
-Author's qualifications to write or speak on the subject
-The name of the source; title of a book or article
-Publication date; copy right
Outline
Contains the text of your speech in complete sentences of briefer phrases
Body
The core of your speech and is where you present your main message about your topic
Subpoints
They explain, prove or expand on your main point. Indicate each with a capital letter and indent each under its corresponding main point
Subordination
Any additional information under a subpoint- it must support that subpoint and relate to it
Introduction
Needs an attention getter, thesis statement, shows the audience "What's in it for them", establish your credibility
Conclusion
Summarizes what you have said and leaves the audience with a memorable impression of your presentation- summary of main points, clincher
Transition
A sentence that indicates you are moving from one idea to another
Ex: -helpful between intro and first main point
-between each main point
-between final main point and conclusion
Word choice (diction)
Helps make speech more memorable and engaging for listeners. Words your audience will understand, precise terms, language that makes speech come alive
Presentation aid
anything that your audience members can see of hear that helps them understand and remember your message: Powerpoints, charts
Extemporaneous delivery
Your ability to deliver your speech smoothly and confidently from your outline without reading from it
Speech anxiety (stage fright)
The worry of fear that some people experience before giving a talk
Visualization
Imagine yourself scoring and resounding success, such as presenting your speech without a hitch and winning enthusiastic applause from an appreciative audience
Relaxation strategies
Techniques that reduce muscle tension and negative thoughts
What are the two major approaches to ethics? How can cultural issues impact our approach to ethics?
- Ethical absolutism: the belief that people should exhibit the same behavior in all situations
- Situational ethics: the belief that correct behavior can vary depending on the situation at hand
- Generalizations that apply in most situations. Example: mo
What is the difference between ethical and legal speech?
- Ethical speech: speech that incorporates ethical decision making, follows guidelines to tell the truth, and avoids misleading the audience.
- Legally protected speech: telling the truth or withholding information based on whether the law allows unethica
What is the primary responsibility of an ethical speaker?
-The most basic guideline for public speaking is this: to tell the truth
-Truth and truthfully are fairly subjective and elude precise definition. It is easier to describe the truth in public speaking by examining what is not the truth
What are the forms of untruthful speech?
Half truth: when a speaker reveals only part of the truth then mixes it with a lie
-Deceives the audience
-False inference
False inference: when a speaker presents information that leads listeners to an incorrect conclusion
-Taking evidence out of context
What is plagiarism? How can you be sure to avoid it?
Presenting another person's words or ideas as if they were your own, always unethical
-Paraphrasing: restating the original author's ideas in her own words
- Still acknowledge the original source of any material you use in your speech
- You can use inform
What four fallacies that misuse logic are listed in the chapter?
- Hasty generalization: a speaker who intentionally generalizes about all members of a group from information based on a limited part of the group
- Post hoc fallacy: when a speaker wrongly identifies the cause of one event as the event that immediately p
What are the qualities of an ethical listener?
show courtesy, treat others how you want to be treated, focus attention on speaker, stop distractions, demonstrate an open mind, avoid prejudging speaker, look for the parts of the message that signal common ground
-consider the fact that you might hear s
Ethics
Rules and values that a group defines to guide conduct and distinguish between right and wrong
Ethical absolutism
The belief that people should exhibit the same behavior in all situations
Situational ethics
Hold that correct behavior can vary depending on the situation at hand
Ex: Joe decides under extenuating circumstances it's okay for him to plagiarize "just this one time
Culturally relative
Ethics that vary across societies
Ex: In some cultures, people consider knowledge to be something that is owned collectively rather than by individuals.
Ethical speech
Incorporating ethical decision making into how you engage the public speaking process and ultimately what you say- don't mislead an audience because such actions are ethical and the right thing to do
Legally protected speech
Using the law as your boundary for what you may say and how you say it. Make decisions about telling the truth or withholding info based on legal requirements
Half-truth
When a speaker reveals only part of the truth and then mixes it with a lie- it deceives the audience
False inference
When a speaker presents info that leads listeners to an incorrect conclusion
Taking evidence out of context
Another form of false inference- only speaking half of the quote
Omission
Keeping silent about something- false inference- same as lying
Plagiarism
Presenting another person's work or ideas as if they were your own.
Paraphrasing
restating an original author's ideas in your own words- can still be a slight form of plagiarism
Common knowledge
You use information from a source without giving a direct citation
Fallacious reasoning
Faulty, unsound reasoning, in which the link between a claim and its supporting material is weak
Hasty generalization
A speaker who intentionally generalizes about all members of a group from information based on a limited part of the group
Post hoc fallacy
When a speaker wrongly identifies the cause of one event as the event that immediately preceded it
Ex: Man was recently divorced the remarried then his son committed suicide- therefore the divorce caused his son to do so
Personal attacks (ad hominem attacks)
Speakers try to compensate for weak arguments
Ex: School body president in debate calls opponent a "tree hugging environmental whack job
Ad populum fallacy (bandwagoning)
Using reasoning that implies an argument must be true because most people believe it is
Ethical audience
Include courtesy, open-mindedness, and a willingness to hold a speaker accountable for his or her statements
What are the four situational characteristics of a speech situation?
Situational characteristics: factors in a specific speech setting that you can observe or discover before you give the speech.
- Size
� Audience size: simply the number of people who will be present for your speech
- Time
� Presentation time: the length o
Aside from demographics, what are the other ways to analyze your audience?
- Seeking common ground: beliefs, values, and experiences that you share with your listeners
- Identifying prior exposure: the extent to which they have already heard your message
� Has my audience heard this message before?
� Has my audience responded po
What are three techniques one can use to gather information about an audience?
-Survey: a set of written questions that you ask your audience to answer in advance of your speech
� ask future audience members direct questions about topics related to your speech
- Fixed response questions: such as true/false, multiple choice, or selec
Situational characteristic
Factors in a specific speech setting that you can observe or discover before you give the speech
Audience size
Simply the number of people who will be present for your speech
Presentation time
The length of time you have to deliver your presentation
Body clock (chronemics)
The time of day or the day of the week when your audience members will be listening to your presentation
Location (forum)
The setting where your audience will listen to your speech
Stationary audience
Listeners will be relatively motionless (sitting or standing) and captive as you're talking
Ex: In a classroom, lecture hall or conference room
Mobile audience
Strolling by, stopping for a moment to listen to you, or drifting off to get on with their day
Ex: Town common, city sidewalk
Demographics
Certain characteristics of your listeners- age, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity etc.
Age
It can affect how audience members respond to your message
Ex: A speech on snowboarding would not likely interest most retired persons
Gender composition
Mixed (male and female) or single gender- affects how listeners will respond to your speech
Gender stereotype
Oversimplified and often distorted views of what it means to be male of female
Sexist language
Language with a bias for or against a given gender
Sexual orientation
Includes straight men and women as well as gay men, lesbians, bisexuals and transgendered individuals
Race
Common heritage based on genetically shared physical characteristics of people in a group
Ethnicity
Cultural background that is usually associated with shared religion, national origin, and language- is another important demographic aspect to consider
Religious orientation
A person's set of religious beliefs
Socioeconomic status
A message of where individuals stand in terms of financial resources, education, and occupation in relation to other individuals
Political affiliation
A person's political beliefs and positions- the most difficult of demographic characteristics to pin down
Common ground
Beliefs, values and experiences that you share with your listeners
Prior exposure
the extent to which they have already heard your message
Disposition
They audience's likely attitude toward your message- can be sympathetic, hostile and neutral
Sympathetic audience
Already holds ou in high personal esteem or agrees with your message and will therefore respond favorably to your speech
Hostile audience
Opposes your message or you personally and will therefore resist listening to your speech
Neutral audience
Has neither negative nor positive opinions about you or your message
Survey
A set of written questions that you can ask audience to answer in advance of your speech
Fixed-response questions
True/false, multiple-choice or select-all-that-apply questions- give your respondents a set of specific answers to choose from
Scaled questions
Measure the intensity of feelings on a given issue by offering a range of fixed responses: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree
Open-ended questions
Invite respondents to write an answer of their choosing rather than offering a limited set of responses
Interview
Ideally you will do so in person, but you can also conduct interviews over the phone or even via e-mail or IM- allow interaction through conversation, learning facts and stories you can't get from surveys
Situational audience analysis
When your audience turns out to be not quite what you expected- do not act surprised, look over outline and make sure you have made sense with the audience, take time for questions and answers
What are the four techniques for developing a set of potential topics and how do they work?
Research
� General magazines or newspapers are good sources of current events
� Provide ideas for topics
� Libraries
� The ideas you generate through research not only serve as potential speech topics themselves, but can also serve as starting points for
How do you select and refine the best topic?
Consider the assignment, consider your audience, consider your own knowledge and interests and consider the speech context
How do you draft a specific purpose statement and thesis statement?
Specific purpose: the objective of your speech
�Concise phrase
� Start with a phrase expressing your rhetorical purpose ("to inform," "to persuade")
� Then follow with those words language indicating what you want to accomplish in our speech
� Use specifi
Research
An effective way to begin your topic selection process
Brainstorming
Listing every idea that comes to mind, without evaluating its merits
Word association
List one potential topic then write whatever comes to mind when you think about that first idea
Mind mapping
Write down a word or phrase in the middle of a large piece of blank paper, and then surround it with words and images representing other ideas that come to you
Context
The occasion, surrounding environment, and situation in which you will deliver your presentation
Rhetorical response
Your intended effect on the audience
Informative purpose
The message is educational, and your objective is to increase the audience's understanding or awareness of your subject
Persuasive purpose
Seek to convince audience members to consider or adopt a position or belief, strengthen an exiting position or belief, or take a particular action
Marking a special occasion
Seek to honor an occasion by entertaining, inspiring or emotionally moving your audience
Specific purpose
The objective of your speech- start with a phrase expressing your rhetorical purpose
Ex: "To inform", "to persuade", "to mark a special occasion
Thesis statement
A single sentence that captures the overall message you want to convey in your speech
Why do you conduct research for a speech?
What are the steps necessary for creating a research plan?
...
What are the steps necessary for creating a research plan?
...
How do you select the most credible sources by examining the four characteristics of a source's credibility?
...
What are the kinds of sources available for conducting library research?
...
How is the Internet best used as a research tool?
...
What are the steps involved in conducting an interview?
...
How do you present your research in your speech?
...
Evidence
Information from credible sources that you can use to support your claims- may help convince audience to accept a point you are making
Credibility
The perception on the part of your audience that you are qualified to speak on the topic in question
Research plan
A strategy for finding and keeping track of information to use in your speech
Research objective
The goals you need to accomplish with your research
Research librarian
Career professionals who are hired to assist students and faculty with their research- experts at tracking down hard to find information
Keyword
Words or terms related to our topic as well as synonyms of those words
Citation
Contains information aout the author of your evidence and where your evidence can be found
Credile source
Sources that can be reasonably trusted to be accurate and objective- you can be most confident that the facts you present are valid
Expertise
The possession of knowledge necessary to offer reliable facts or oinions about the topic in question- they have education, experience and a solid reputation in his or her field
Objectivity
Sources that provide this have no bias-prejudice or partisanship- that would prevent them from making an impartial judgement on your speech's topic
Observational capacity
Able to witness a situation for him or herself
Ex: A person who lived through an earthquake in Haiti would have more credibility than those who watched the event unfold on televison
Recency
Generally, newer evidence is more reliable than older evidence, sources are more credible the more recent they are
Periodical
Publications that appear at regular intervals- weekly, monthly, quartely or annually
Peer review
An editor decides to publish only articles that are approved by other experts in the field and that meet the publication's other requirements
Full-text source
Online indexes include these links to the complete texts of the articles in question
Abstract
A summary of an article's contents on an online index
Reference Work
Compilations of background information on major topic area- helpful for doing exploratory research on your subject area of discovering a specific fact
Encyclopedia
Offer relatively brief entries providing background information on a wide range of alphabetized topics
Dictionary
Offer definitions, pronunciation guides, and sometimes etymologies for words
Quotation book
Offer famous or notable quotations on a variety of subjects
Atlas
Provide maps, charts and tables relating to different geographic regions
Yearbook
Updated annually and contain statistics and other facts about social, political, and economic topics
Ex: Statistical Abstract of the United States
Internet
It has become the go-to research option for many college students- 73% of college students use the internet more than the library, only 9% said they use the library more
World Wide Web
Contains about 170 trillion bytes of information on its surface, which is seventeen times the size of the print collections in the Library of Congress, the size of the internet continues to expand rapidly
Web site
There are millions, they are created by individuals, advocacy groups, clubs, and businesses that may contain incorrect or biased information
Top-level domain
The quality of a Web Site assessed by its URL's (.com for a company, .org for an organization or .edu for an educational institution)
Search engine
Specialized programs ("spiders" or "crawlers") that continually visit Web pages and index what they find
Metasearch engine
Searches several different search engines at once. It may find more of the available Internet resources than any single engine
Advanced search
Search engines that can provide commands for making searches more prescise
Web directory
Compiled by human editors who review Web sites and index hem into subject categories and subcategories- more likely to find quality sources with this resource
Hybrid search engine
Combine directories and search engines in one
Ex: Yahoo! - it allows you to search its dictionary of sites that have been visited and evaluated by editors
Invisible Web
Consists of information that is available online but can't be accessed by standard search engines. It contains 400 to 550 times the info found on the surface Web
Paraphrasing
Stating evidence in your own words rather than word-for-word from your source- you must be sure to accurately present the author's intent
Power wording
To reword evidence in a way that better supports your claim but that misrepresents the source's point of view
Why should you use supporting materials in your speech?
...
What are the six types of supporting materials?
...
What are the five guidelines for using supporting materials?
...
Supporting materials
The different types of information that you ca use to develop and support your main points
Example
Samples or instances that support or illustrate a general claim
Brief example
A set of short instances (usually a single sentence) used to support of illustrate your claim
Extended example
Provides details about the instance being used, giving your audience a deeper and richer picture of your point
Dictionary definition
Provides the meaning of a term as presented in a dictionary
Expert definition
Comes from a person who is a credible source of information on your topic
Etymological definition
Explains the linguistic origin of the term- appropriate when the origin is interesting or will help the audience understand the term
Functional definition
Explains how something is used or what it does
Testimony
Consists of information provided by other people- typically you will find testimony from the sources you research at the library, online or through interviews
Expert testimony
Consists of statements made by credible sources who have professional or other in-depth knowledge of a topic- likely to increase audience members' acceptance of your claims
Lay testimony
Consists of statements made by persons with no special expertise in the subject they are discussing- they lack expertise, lay sources should generally not be used to prove factual claims in a speech
Statistics
Information (or data) presented in numerical form
Narrative
Anecdotes (brief stories) or somewhat longer accounts that can be used to support your main points
Analogy
A comparison based on similaritiees between two phenomena, one that's familiar to the audience and one that is less families
Literal analogy
Two entities in the same category are compared
Ex: A speaker might compare Sarah Palin to Ronald Reagan, punk rock to hip-hop
Figurative analogy
Two entities are not in the same category, but the characteristics of one (which is familiar to audience) can help the audience understand the characteristics of another (which is unfamiliar)
What are the two types of outlines?
...
In what situations are each appropriate?
...
What are the three sections of a working outline?
...
What elements should you include on a working outline?
...
What elements should you include on a speaking outline?
...
How do you create a bibliography/ reference page?
...
Outlining
Organizing the content of your speech into a structured form- valuable tools that help you lay out the sequence and hierarchy of your ideas so you can see how your speech flows
Working outline
(detailed outline) A thorough outline that you use to craft your speech- should be relatively detailed to include your entire speech, from attention-getter to clincher, each idea written down in full sentences
Speaking outline
A shorter outline that expresses your ideas in keywords or brief phrases, rather than in complete sentences or detailed phrases- use when you actually deliver your speech
Extemporaneous delivery
Requires that you speak with limited notes; you do not attempt to present a speech word-for-word from manuscript or memory
Body
Represented as the "meat" of your presentation. Present your main points and supporting materials, it contains most of the content of your entire speech
Subordination
Supporting materials show this in their correspond main points- be careful that each subpoint is relevant to the main point
Evidence
The author, his or her qualifications, the source publication or Web page, and the date of the publication
Transition
Words, phrases, or sentences that indicate you are moving fro one part of your speech to another- helps you keep on track and makes it easier for listeners to follow along
Introduction
Gain the audience's attention, signal a thesis, connect with the audience, establish your credibility, and preview your main points
Conclusion
End speech on a strong note- summarize your main points and use a clincher
Bibliography
List of the sources you cited in your speech- at the end of your outline
Delivery reminder
Write "SLOW DOWN!" in places where you tend to rush etc.
What are the five techniques for informing?
- Definition: you break something down by its parts and explain how they add up to identify the topic. Explain the essence, meaning, purpose, or identity of something.
- Explanation: analysis of something for purposes of clarity and specificity by tracing
What are the five types of informative speeches?
Objects, individual or groups, events, processes, ideas
What are the steps involved in developing your informative speech?
Analyzing your audience, selecting a technique and focusing on your goal to inform
What are the patterns for organizing an informative speech?
Spatial, temporal, casual, comparison, criteria-application, narrative, categorical
What are the steps involved in clarifying and simplifying your message?
- Move from general to specific
- Reduce the quantity of the information you present
- Make complex information seem familiar
- Use presentation aids
- Reiterate your message
- Repeat your message
Definition
Break something down by its parts and explain how they add up to identify a topic
Explanation
You provide an analysis of something for purposes of clarity and specificity by tracing a line of reasoning or a series of casual connections between events
Description
Use words to pain a mental picture for your listeners, so that they can close their eyes and imagine what you are saying
Demonstration
Call for both physical modeling and verbal elements, as you are demonstrating
Narrative
A story- the story enables you to both share information and capture the audience's attention
Demographics
May include political affiliation, group membership, occupation or academic major, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, religious affiliation and family status
Jargon
Technical or insider terminology not easily understood by people outside a certain group or field