stage fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
adrenaline
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
positive nervousness
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
visualization
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
critical thinking
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
listener
the person who receives the speaker's message
frame of reference
the sume of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes; no two people can have exactly the same frame of reference
feedback
the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message; can be external or internal to listeners
situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
ethics
the branch of philosphy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
ethical decision
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
Bill of Rights
the first 10 ammendments to the US Constitution
plagiarism
presenting another persons language or ideas an one's own
global plagiarism
stealling a speech entirely from a single soure and passing i off as one's own
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off an one's own
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
paraphrase
to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
listening
paing close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
paraphrase
to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
topic
the subject of a speech
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
general purpose
the broad goal of a speech
specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
central idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
audience-centralization
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
identification
a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
egocentrism
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
demographic audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, gorup membership, and racial, ethinic, or cultural background
stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usuallly by assuming that lal members of the group are alike
situational audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion
attitude
a frame of mind in favor of or oposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
fixed-alternative questions
questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
scale questions
questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scal of answers
open-ended question
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
catalogue
a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library
call number
a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
periodical database
a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines
abstract
a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
referene work
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy acces by researchers
general encyclopedia
a comprehensive referene work that provides information aobut all branches of human knowledge
special encyclopedia
a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music etc
yearbook
a refernce work published annually that contains information about the previous year
biographical aid
a reference work that provides information about people
virtual library
a search engine that ocmvines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
sponsoring organization
an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
research interview
an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
preliminary bibliography
a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
supporting materials
the materials used to support a speaker's ideas; the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
example
a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
brief example
a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
extended example
a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
hypothetical exampl
an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situtation
statistics
numerical data
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
quoting out of context
quoting a statemtn in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement form the words and phrases surrounding it
main points
the major points developed in the body of a speech; most speeches containg from two to five main points
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
causal order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
problem-solution order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divided the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
connective
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
signpost
a very brief statement htat indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
reveal the topic
stating clearly in the introduction the topic of your speech
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
preview statement
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
relate topic to audience
demonstrate why and how the topic you are speaking about is personal to them and why they should listen
2 things a conclusion must have
signal the end of the speech
reinforce the central idea
you can let your audience know the end of your speech is coming when
use of brief clues; use of voice-tone, pacing rhythm- crescendo ending, dissolve ending
reinforcing the central idea
summarize your speech, end with a quotation, make a dramatic statement, refer to the introduction
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduciton, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
visual framework
the pattern of symbolization and identation in a speech outline that show the relationsohips among the speaker's ideas
the speaking outline
a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
delivery cues
directions in a speaking outline help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech