The Art of Public Speaking - Unit 1

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

adrenaline

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

frame of reference

the sume of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes; no two people can have exactly the same frame of reference

feedback

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

interference

anything that impedes the communication of a message; can be external or internal to listeners

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

ethics

the branch of philosphy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

ethical decision

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

Bill of Rights

the first 10 ammendments to the US Constitution

plagiarism

presenting another persons language or ideas an one's own

global plagiarism

stealling a speech entirely from a single soure and passing i off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off an one's own

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

listening

paing close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

topic

the subject of a speech

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

general purpose

the broad goal of a speech

specific purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

audience-centralization

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

identification

a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, gorup membership, and racial, ethinic, or cultural background

stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usuallly by assuming that lal members of the group are alike

situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

attitude

a frame of mind in favor of or oposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scal of answers

open-ended question

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

periodical database

a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines

abstract

a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

referene work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy acces by researchers

general encyclopedia

a comprehensive referene work that provides information aobut all branches of human knowledge

special encyclopedia

a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music etc

yearbook

a refernce work published annually that contains information about the previous year

biographical aid

a reference work that provides information about people

virtual library

a search engine that ocmvines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data

sponsoring organization

an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas; the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

example

a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

hypothetical exampl

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situtation

statistics

numerical data

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

quoting out of context

quoting a statemtn in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement form the words and phrases surrounding it

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech; most speeches containg from two to five main points

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divided the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

connective

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

signpost

a very brief statement htat indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

reveal the topic

stating clearly in the introduction the topic of your speech

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

relate topic to audience

demonstrate why and how the topic you are speaking about is personal to them and why they should listen

2 things a conclusion must have

signal the end of the speech
reinforce the central idea

you can let your audience know the end of your speech is coming when

use of brief clues; use of voice-tone, pacing rhythm- crescendo ending, dissolve ending

reinforcing the central idea

summarize your speech, end with a quotation, make a dramatic statement, refer to the introduction

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduciton, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and identation in a speech outline that show the relationsohips among the speaker's ideas

the speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech