persuasively speaking
public speech that aims to influence listeners' beliefs, attitudes, and actions
persuasion
an attempt to motivate others, through communication to adopt or to maintain a specific manner of thinking or doing
belief
perception about what is true or false, accurate or inaccurate
opinion
evaluation about what is good and bad
action
a behavior someone undertakes
forms of rhetorical proof
ways to support a persuasive argument, including ethos, pathos, and logos
ethos
a speaker's respectability trustworthiness, and moral character
pathos
listeners' emotions
logos
listeners' ability to reason
reason
to make judgment about the world based on evidence rather than emotion or intuition
inductive reasoning
a form of reasoning in which one considers evidence and then draws general conclusions from it
deductive reasoning
a form of reasoning in which one starts with a general conclusion and then use it to explain specific individual cases
syllogism
a three-line argument consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
enthymeme
a syllogism in which one of the premises is already so widely know and accepted that it is omitted
proposition
that which a persuasive speech attempts to convince an audience to accept
proposition of fact
a claim that a particular argument is supported by the best available evidence and should therefore be taken as factual
proposition of value
a claim that evaluates the worth of a person, an object, or an idea
proposition of policy
a claim about what should be done
problem-solving pattern
a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker establishes the existence of a problem and then proposes a solution to it
refutational approach
a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker begins by presenting the main arguments
comparative advantage method
a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker explains why his or her point of view is superior to others on the same topic
Monroe's motivated sequence
a way of organizing a persuasive speech consisting of appeals to attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and then action
logical fallacy
a line of reasoning that, even if it makes sense, does not genuinely support a speaker's point
ad hominem fallacy
a statement that attempts to counter an argument by criticizing the person who made it
slippery slope fallacy
a statement that attacks an argument by taking it to such an extreme that it appears ludicrous
either/or fallacy
a statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected the other must be accepted
false-cause fallacy
a statement asserting that if an event occurs before some outcome, the event therefore caused that outcome
bandwagon appeal
a claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it
hasty generarlization
a broad claim that is based on insufficient evidence
red herring fallacy
a statement that responds to an argument by introducing an irrelevant detail to divert attention from the point of the argument
straw man fallacy
a statement that refutes a claim that was never made
begging the question
supporting an argument with claims whose truth is take for granted but never verified
appeal to false authority
a claim that uses as evidence the testimony of someone who is not an expert on the topic
receptive audience
an audience composed of people who already accept and agree with all or most of what a speaker plans to say
neutral audience
an audience lacking strong feelings for or against the topic of a speech
hostile audience
an audience in which listeners are predisposed to disagree with the speaker
build rapport
create the perception that listeners and the speaker see things similarly
credibility
a speaker's believability
Kellie tries to convince her instructor that she did her homework but left it in her car. Kellie is trying to influence her instructor's
a. belief
b. opinion
c. evaluation
d. action
a. belief
The statement that constitutes a proposition of fact is
a. English should be the official language of the United States
b. College tuition should be made fully tax deductible
c. National security is more important than individual rights
d. Platinum is thr
d. Platinum is three times as heavy as gold
In Monroe's motivated sequence, the message "consider the benefits" would occur at the stage called
a. need
b. satisfaction
c. visualization
d. action
c. visualization
Mac suggests that you should accept his argument because of how many other people have already accepted it. Mac is using the logical fallacy known as
a. false cause
b. straw man
c. red herring
d. bandwagon appeal
d. bandwagon appeal
The aspect of credibility that reflects a speaker's honesty is
a. competence
b. character
c. charisma
d. enthusiasm
b. character
Aristotle used the term _________ to refer to listeners' emotions.
pathos
___________ reasoning starts with a general conclusion and then applies it to individual cases.
deductive
A ___________ approach to persuasion begins by presenting and then arguing against, the main objections to your position.
refutational
A "reduction to the absurd" is also called a __________.
slipper slope
When you build _________, you create the perception that you and your listeners see things similarly.
rapport
What does it mean to persuade?
Persuasion is an attempt to motivate others to adopt a specific belief, opinion, or behavior. We persuade others by appealing to ethos, pathos, and/or logos.
In what ways can we craft a persuasive message?
Persuasive messages can propose facts, values, or policies. They are organized in a compelling manner and avoid the use of logical fallacies.
Through what strategies can we hone our persuasive-speaking skills?
We can adapt to our audience, build rapport with our listeners, and establish our credibility.